Standard perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard
Kaplan and Norton propose four standard perspectives for the structure of a Balanced Scorecard:
1. Financial perspective - Shareholder expectations: 'What effect on finances does the strategy have?'
2. Customer perspective - Customer expectations: 'How do we position ourselves in the target markets?'
3. Process perspective - Process requirements: 'Which processes are of strategic importance?'
4. Learning perspective - Requirements of organizational learning and innovation: 'How can we develop into a learning organization? How can we promote growth?'
The standard perspectives have an implicit logic that helps implement strategy and formulate specific cause-and-effect relationships. However, in principle, it is also possible to define other perspectives for a company (e.g., environment perspective), which may be of relevance to the corporate strategy, or whose objectives and KPIs have a direct relation to the standard perspectives.
