Code Coverage of Natural Applications

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# Code Coverage of Natural Applications

This document provides general information on code coverage of Natural applications.

- Introducing Code Coverage

- Quick Start for Code Coverage

- Basic Concepts of Code Coverage

- Platform-Specific Code Coverage

- Code Coverage Tools

- Natural Code Coverage Evaluations

## Introducing Code Coverage

In general, code coverage measures the degree to which the source code of a program is executed. It is often used for systematic software testing. The higher the code coverage percentage is, the lower is the chance that the code contains undetected software bugs in code that is not executed.

The Natural code coverage is used to monitor the executed statements of a Natural application. It collects the coverage data while the application is executed and provides tools to analyze the collected data afterwards.

The Code Coverage view of NaturalONE (an Eclipse-based development environment) and the Program Coverage table of the Profiler utility show - expressed as a percentage - how many of the statements of the Natural objects have been executed. The Natural Coverage Plugin for Jenkins visualizes the outcome of a Natural coverage cycle directly in the Jenkins job result pages.

In the NaturalONE editor and in the Statement Coverage table of the Profiler utility you can see, which individual statement lines of a Natural object have been executed. Here you can also see the statement lines which have been missed or have only been partly covered.

If a statement source uses multiple lines, only the line in which the statement begins is mentioned in the coverage reports.

You can export the coverage data with the Profiler utility output in text or table (CSV) format. The CSV table can be analyzed with a spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel.

### GP and Source Coverage

If a Natural source contains `INCLUDE` statements, the corresponding copycode is included in the generated object (the GP). For the coverage, we can monitor two statement counts:

1. The number of the statements in the GP which includes all copycodes recursively (a copycode can include further copycodes).

2. The number of the statements in the source which does not include the copycodes.

The GP coverage reflects the percentage of the covered statements in the GP including copycodes; whereas the source coverage reflects the percentage of the covered statements in the source not including copycodes.

## Quick Start for Code Coverage

This section briefly describes the steps required for performing the code coverage of a Natural batch applications and viewing the results. The instructions provided here may serve as a guideline when starting to use Natural code coverage. Detailed information regarding the steps is provided in the remainder of this chapter.

The steps to take depend on the evaluation you want to perform for your application as illustrated in the following graphic:

1. Check that the prerequisites are met.

2. Compile the Natural objects which are examined with the following profile parameter:

       GPGEN=(COVERAGE=ON)

   The `GPGEN` parameter is described in the Parameter Reference documentation.

3. Activate code coverage of the Natural session by switching on the `ACTIVE` subparameter of the `COVERAGE` profile parameter (see the Parameter Reference documentation) in the NATPARM parameter file or dynamically when invoking Natural. Example for dynamic parameter specification:

       COVERAGE=(ACTIVE=ON,RESNAME=ResName,RESLIB=RESLIB)

   In the example above, the coverage data is written to a resource file with the name `ResNam.ncvf` in the library `RESLIB`.

4. Open the NCVF resource in NaturalONE to obtain the Code Coverage view.

5. From the NaturalONE Code Coverage view, you can directly edit the source. The editor shows all lines containing covered statements with a green background.

6. Submit a Natural batch job with the Profiler utility `READ` function to print the program and statement coverage.

   Example:

       FUNCTION=READ           /* Read Profiler data
         RESOURCE-LIB=RESLIB   /* Resource library
         RESOURCE-TYPE=NCVF    /* Use resource type
         EVENT=ON              /* Print statement coverage
         PROGRAM=ON            /* Print program coverage
         EXPORT=ON             /* write to work 7
         FORMAT=C              /* Semicolon/Comma/Text

   If the `EXPORT` keyword of the Profiler utility `READ` function is switched on, the output is written to Work File 7. If `FORMAT` is specified as `C` or `S`, the result is written as comma-separated values (CSV) where a comma or a semicolon is used as a separator, respectively.

7. Export the data of Work File 7 with any tool (such as FTP) as a CSV-formatted file to a Windows environment if you want to process it further in Microsoft Excel.

Notes:

1. If the resource name is not explicitly specified in the `READ` function of the Profiler utility, the NCVF resource created last in the library is used.
2. The NaturalONE Code Coverage view and editor are described in the NaturalONE documentation.

## Basic Concepts of Code Coverage

While a Natural application is executed, coverage data can be collected and written to a NCVF resource file.

- On z/OS, the data collection is performed by the Profiler utility in batch mode. Therefore, code coverage of z/OS applications is only available if the Profiler utility in batch mode can be started. This is true for z/OS batch applications but also for z/OS interactive applications remotely executed from Natural Studio or RPC if the corresponding setting have been done.

- On Windows and Linux, the data collection is performed by Natural if the `COVERAGE` parameter is specified. Therefore, code coverage is always possible.

- Unlike profiling, there is no direct code coverage under NaturalONE in which the coverage is triggered and immediately processed by NaturalONE.

- If NaturalONE runs against a Windows or Linux Natural, the code coverage data collection to an NCVF resource file can be initiated by setting the Natural `COVERAGE` parameter.

- NaturalONE processes the coverage data of an NCVF resource file and shows the results in the Natural Code Coverage view and in the Natural Source editor.

- The Profiler utility in batch mode processes the coverage data of an NCVF resource file and provides statement and program coverage results. The data can also be written in CSV (comma-separated values) format to a file which can be further analyzed with a spreadsheet software (like Microsoft Excel).

## Platform-Specific Code Coverage

You can perform the Natural code coverage on Linux, Windows, and z/OS platforms. How to proceed depends on the platform and the application processing mode used:

### z/OS

- Code coverage of z/OS interactive applications remotely executed from Natural Studio or RPC is performed using the Profiler utility in batch mode.

- Code coverage of z/OS batch applications is performed using the Profiler utility in batch mode.

Note
Code coverage is not available for z/OS interactive applications running locally on z/OS or remote from NaturalONE.

### Linux and Windows

- Code coverage of Linux and Windows interactive applications is performed with the NaturalONE code coverage or the Natural code coverage for Linux and Windows, respectively.

- Code coverage of Linux and Windows batch applications is performed with Natural code coverage for Linux and Windows, respectively.

## Code Coverage Tools

This section summarizes the key features of the Natural profiling tools.

- Features of the NaturalONE Code Coverage

- Features of the Natural Code Coverage for Linux and Windows

- Features of the Profiler Utility

- Features of the Natural Code Coverage Spreadsheet

### Features of the NaturalONE Code Coverage

- Reads and analyzes Natural code coverage resource files containing coverage data collected by the z/OS Profiler utility in batch mode or by the Natural code coverage for Linux or Windows.

- Interactive Natural applications from Linux or Windows can be covered by activating the Natural code coverage for Linux or Windows and reading the corresponding Natural code coverage resource file.

- The Natural code coverage view shows which percentage of the statements of the Natural objects have been executed.

- From the Natural code coverage view the involved Natural objects can be edited. The NaturalONE editor displays all covered lines with a green background.

Note
Interactive code coverage of Natural applications from z/OS platforms is currently not supported.

### Features of the Natural Code Coverage for Linux and Windows

- Code coverage of interactive or Natural batch applications from Linux or Windows platforms.

- Provides features for big data handling:

  - automatic event filter,

  - automatic data consolidation.

- Saves the code coverage data as a Natural code coverage resource file.

### Features of the Profiler Utility

#### Batch Mode (z/OS)

- Code coverage of Natural batch applications from z/OS platforms.

- Code coverage of z/OS interactive applications remotely executed from Natural Studio or against a Natural RPC server.

- Provides features for big data handling:

  - program, count and time filters,

  - automatic event filter,

  - automatic data consolidation.

- Saves code coverage data as a Natural code coverage resource file.

- Reads and analyzes Natural code coverage resource files.

- Lists the Program Coverage table for all accessed Natural objects with

  - percentage of the covered statements,

  - number of covered statements,

  - number of missed (not covered) statements and

  - total number of statements of the object.

- The Statement Coverage lists the source of each accessed Natural objects and shows for each line the percentage of the covered statements.

- Exports Natural code coverage data in CSV (comma-separated values) format which can be further analyzed with a spreadsheet software (e.g. Microsoft Excel).

- Collects and displays Profiler and code coverage properties and statistics.

Note
On z/OS, there is no one-to-one relationship between a Natural source code statement and the corresponding object code in the cataloged object. The Natural code coverage on the z/OS monitors the object code rather than the Natural source code. Therefore, multiple Natural statements can be merged into one coverage entry and conversely, one Natural statement can cover multiple coverage entries.

#### Batch Mode (Linux and Windows)

- Reads and analyzes Natural code coverage resource files.

- Lists the Program Coverage table for all accessed Natural objects with

  - percentage of the covered statements,

  - number of covered statements,

  - number of missed (not covered) statements and

  - total number of statements of the object.

- The Statement Coverage lists the source of each accessed Natural objects and shows for each line the percentage of the covered statements.

- Exports Natural code coverage data in CSV (comma-separated values) format which can be further analyzed with a spreadsheet software (e.g. Microsoft Excel).

Note
On Windows and Linux, missed statements are not collected. Therefore the Statement Coverage can only mark lines containing covered statements and the coverage of these lines is always 100%.

### Features of the Natural Code Coverage Spreadsheet

- Template for coloring the Natural code coverage data exported in CSV (comma-separated values) format by the Natural Profiler utility.

- Program and copycode coverage with source and GP counters for

  - percentage of the covered statements,

  - number of covered statements,

  - number of missed (not covered) statements and

  - total number of statements of the object.

- Statement Coverage of the object source whereby the lines are colored in

  - green – if all statements of the line are covered,

  - yellow – if the statements of the line are partly covered,

  - red – if all statements of the line are missed,

  - gray – if the line is empty or contains only comments.

- Profiler and code coverage properties and statistics (for z/OS data).

Note
A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet template for Natural code coverage is available as a resource in the Natural Profiler library `SYSPRFLR` on Linux and Windows.

## Natural Code Coverage Evaluations

This section describes the evaluations provided by the Natural code coverage tools.

- Program Coverage

- Line and Statement Coverage

- Profiler Properties and Statistics

### Program Coverage

The program coverage provides you with an overview of the programs executed and the amount of the code that has been covered by the application.

#### Program Coverage Report

The Program Coverage report of the Profiler utility shows the coverage (in percentage of the total number of statements) of each Natural object executed. It shows for each object how many statements have been covered or missed and the total number of statements. In addition, it summarizes the values for all objects in a library and the totals over all libraries.

If the output is written in text format, only the GP coverage is provided. If the data is exported in CSV (comma-separated values) format, the source coverage is given as well. Additionally, the counters for all included copycodes are printed.

The following is an example for text format:

    Program Coverage
    ----------------
    Library  Object   Ty Coverage%  Covered    Missed    Total
    COVDEMO  TESTCOVN N      84.0%       37         7       44
    COVDEMO  TESTCOVP P      69.2%        9         4       13
    COVDEMO  -------- --     80.7%       46        11       57
    Totals   -------- --     80.7%       46        11       57

In the Program Coverage example above, 69.2% of 13 statements in the `TESTCOVP` program were covered, corresponding to 9 covered and 4 missed statements. 80.7% of the statements of the accessed objects in the library `COVDEMO` were covered, which is also the total value for the whole application run.

#### Code Coverage View

The Code Coverage view of NaturalONE shows the coverage (in percentage of the total number of statements) of each Natural object executed. It shows for each object how many statements have been covered or missed and the total number of statements. If copycodes are included, the object node can be opened to view the coverage of the copycode. In general, the counters reflect the GP coverage (copycodes included). The source coverage (copycodes not included) is displayed in the line where the object name is enclosed in the `<< >>` brackets.

From any line you can directly navigate to the corresponding source code to view the statement coverage.

Example:

In the example above, the `TESTCOVP` program has a GP coverage of 69.2 percent whereby in the program itself all 8 statements are covered (100% source coverage) and in the included copycode `TESTCOVC` only 1 of 5 statements was covered.

### Line and Statement Coverage

The statement coverage shows which lines of the program have been executed. For z/OS data, the Profiler utility also indicates which lines containing statements have not been executed or are only executed partly.

#### Statement Coverage Report

The Statement Coverage report of the Profiler utility shows for each source line the coverage of the statements in the line. If the data is exported in CSV (comma-separated values) format, the number of covered or missed statements and the total number of statements in the line are printed as well. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet template delivered with Natural on Linux and Windows, can be used to color the lines according to the coverage.

If a source contains an `INCLUDE` statement, the corresponding copycode source is included in the report right after the `INCLUDE` statement.

The following is an example for an export in CSV format colored using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet:

The three red lines of the subprogram `TESTCOVN` have not been executed. Thus, the test run does not cover the new test function `9`. It also neither covers the (old) function `0` nor the case when the subprogram is called with an unsupported function.

The data originates from the z/OS. Therefore, the counts refer object code statements rather than Natural statements. A Natural `VALUE` statement can correspond up to 3 object code statements. The yellow lines refer to `VALUE` statements where some of the object code has been covered and some not.

#### NaturalONE Source Editor

If the source editor is opened from the Code Coverage view in NaturalONE, the source is colored according to code coverage. Every line in which one or more statements are covered, is colored with a green background.

Example:

The source editor shows all lines in which at least one statement has been executed with a green background. Therefore, all lines except line 19, 37 and 39 of the `DECIDE` statement have been executed.

### Profiler Properties and Statistics

The Profiler properties and statistics is provided by the Natural Profiler utility and the Profiler Rich GUI. It lists Profiler properties such as the Profiler revision. It additionally displays statistics of the monitored application, for example, the total CPU time and the elapsed time. For a code coverage run, it shows the coverage statistics.

#### Example

    ***************************************************************************
    * 13:30:48          ***** NATURAL PROFILER UTILITY *****         2017-09-04
    * User SAG                     - Statistics -                       COVREAD
    *
    * General Info
    * Machine class ...................... MAINFRAME
    * Environment ........................ Batch
    ...
    * Coverage
    * Coverage ........................... ON
    * Missed statements recorded ......... ON
    * Coverage records ................... 60
    * Program information records ........ 3
    * Coverage records/block ............. 60
    * Bytes/coverage record .............. 10.3
    * Programs covered ................... 2
    * Statement coverage (percent) ....... 80.7
    * Statements covered ................. 46
    * Statements missed .................. 11
    * Statements total ................... 57

### On this page

- Introducing Code Coverage
- Quick Start for Code Coverage
- Basic Concepts of Code Coverage
- Platform-Specific Code Coverage
- Code Coverage Tools
- Natural Code Coverage Evaluations