When an ordinary array field is defined, you have to specify the index bounds exactly, hence the number of occurrences for each dimension. At runtime, the complete array field is existent by default; each of its defined occurrences can be accessed without performing additional allocation operations. The size layout cannot be changed anymore; you may neither add nor remove field occurrences.
However, if the number of occurrences needed is unknown at development time, but you want to flexibly increase or decrease the number of the array fields at runtime, you should use what is called an X-array (eXtensible array).
An X-array can be resized at runtime and can help you manage memory more efficiently. For example, you can use a large number of array occurrences for a short time and then reduce memory when the application is no longer using the array.
This document covers the following topics:
An X-array is an array of which the number of occurrences is
undefined at compile time. It is defined in a
DEFINE DATA
statement by specifying an asterisk (*) for at least one index bound of at
least one array dimension. An asterisk (*) character in the index definition
represents a variable index bound which can be assigned to a definite value
during program execution. Only one bound - either upper or lower - may be
defined as variable, but not both.
An X-array can be defined whenever a (fixed) array can be defined, i.e. at any level or even as an indexed group. It cannot be used to access MU-/PE-fields of a database view. A multidimensional array may have a mixture of constant and variable bounds.
Example:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #X-ARR1 (A5/1:*) /* lower bound is fixed at 1, upper bound is variable 1 #X-ARR2 (A5/*) /* shortcut for (A5/1:*) 1 #X-ARR3 (A5/*:100) /* lower bound is variable, upper bound is fixed at 100 1 #X-ARR4 (A5/1:10,1:*) /* 1st dimension has a fixed index range with (1:10) END-DEFINE /* 2nd dimension has fixed lower bound 1 and variable upper bound
Occurrences of an X-array must be allocated explicitly before they
can be accessed. To increase or decrease the number of occurrences of a
dimension, the statements EXPAND,
RESIZE and
REDUCE may be
used.
However, the number of dimensions of the X-array (1, 2 or 3 dimensions) cannot be changed.
Example:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #X-ARR(I4/10:*) END-DEFINE EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR TO (10:10000) /* #X-ARR(10) to #X-ARR(10000) are accessible WRITE *LBOUND(#X-ARR) /* is 10 *UBOUND(#X-ARR) /* is 10000 *OCCURRENCE(#X-ARR) /* is 9991 #X-ARR(*) := 4711 /* same as #X-ARR(10:10000) := 4711 /* resize array from current lower bound=10 to upper bound =1000 RESIZE ARRAY #X-ARR TO (*:1000) /* #X-ARR(10) to #X-ARR(1000) are accessible /* #X-ARR(1001) to #X-ARR(10000) are released WRITE *LBOUND(#X-ARR) /* is 10 *UBOUND(#X-ARR) /* is 1000 *OCCURRENCE(#X-ARR) /* is 991 /* release all occurrences REDUCE ARRAY #X-ARR TO 0 WRITE *OCCURRENCE(#X-ARR) /* is 0
If you want to increase or decrease occurrences of X-group arrays, you must distinguish between independent and dependent dimensions.
A dimension which is specified directly (not inherited) for an X-(group) array is independent.
A dimension which is not specified directly, but inherited for an array is dependent.
Only independent dimensions of an X-array can be changed in the
statements EXPAND,
RESIZE and
REDUCE; dependent
dimensions must be changed using the name of the corresponding X-group array
which owns this dimension as independent dimension.
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 #X-GROUP-ARR1(1:*) /* (1:*)
2 #X-ARR1 (I4) /* (1:*)
2 #X-ARR2 (I4/2:*) /* (1:*,2:*)
2 #X-GROUP-ARR2 /* (1:*)
3 #X-ARR3 (I4) /* (1:*)
3 #X-ARR4 (I4/3:*) /* (1:*,3:*)
3 #X-ARR5 (I4/4:*, 5:*) /* (1:*,4:*,5:*)
END-DEFINE
The following table shows whether the dimensions in the above program are independent or dependent.
| Name | Dependent Dimension | Independent Dimension |
|---|---|---|
#X-GROUP-ARR1 |
(1:*) |
|
#X-ARR1 |
(1:*) |
|
#X-ARR2 |
(1:*) |
(2:*) |
#X-GROUP-ARR2 |
(1:*) |
|
#X-ARR3 |
(1:*) |
|
#X-ARR4 |
(1:*) |
(3:*) |
#X-ARR5 |
(1:*) |
(4:*,5:*) |
The only index notation permitted for a dependent dimension is either a single asterisk (*), a range defined with asterisks (*:*) or the index bounds defined.
This is to indicate that the bounds of the dependent dimension must be kept as they are and cannot be changed.
The occurrences of the dependent dimensions can only be changed by manipulating the corresponding array groups.
EXPAND ARRAY #X-GROUP-ARR1 TO (1:11) /* #X-ARR1(1:11) are allocated
/* #X-ARR3(1:11) are allocated
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR2 TO (*:*, 2:12) /* #X-ARR2(1:11, 2:12) are allocated
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR2 TO (1:*, 2:12) /* same as before
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR2 TO (* , 2:12) /* same as before
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR4 TO (*:*, 3:13) /* #X-ARR4(1:11, 3:13) are allocated
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR5 TO (*:*, 4:14, 5:15) /* #X-ARR5(1:11, 4:14, 5:15) are allocated
The EXPAND statements may be coded in an arbitrary
order.
The following use of the EXPAND statement is not
allowed, since the arrays only have dependent dimensions.
EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR1 TO ... EXPAND ARRAY #X-GROUP-ARR2 TO ... EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARR3 TO ...
The occurrences of an X-array must be allocated by an
EXPAND or
RESIZE statement
before they can be accessed. The statements
READ,
FIND and
GET allocate occurrences
implicitly if values are obtained from Tamino.
As a general rule, an attempt to address a non-existent X-array
occurrence leads to a runtime error. In some statements, however, the access to
a non-materialized X-array field does not cause an error situation if all
occurrences of an X-array are referenced using the complete range notation, for
example: #X-ARR(*). This applies to
parameters used in a CALL statement,
parameters used in the statements
CALLNAT,
PERFORM or OPEN DIALOG, if defined as optional
parameters,
source fields used in a COMPRESS statement,
output fields supplied in a PRINT statement,
fields referenced in a RESET statement.
If individual occurrences of a non-materialized X-array are referenced in one of these statements, a corresponding error message is issued.
Example:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #X-ARR (A10/1:*) /* X-array only defined, but not allocated END-DEFINE RESET #X-ARR(*) /* no error, because complete field referenced with (*) RESET #X-ARR(1:3) /* runtime error, because individual occurrences (1:3) are referenced END
The asterisk (*) notation in an array reference stands for the
complete range of a dimension. If the array is an X-array, the asterisk is the
index range of the currently allocated lower and upper bound values, which are
determined by the system variables *LBOUND
and *UBOUND.
X-arrays that are used as parameters are treated in the same way as constant arrays with regard to the verification of the following:
format,
length,
dimension or
number of occurrences.
In addition, X-array parameters can also change the number of
occurrences using the statement RESIZE,
REDUCE or
EXPAND. The question
if a resize of an X-array parameter is permitted depends on three factors:
the type of parameter transfer used, that is by reference or by value,
the definition of the caller or parameter X-array, and
the type of X-array range being passed on (complete range or subrange).
The following tables demonstrate when an
EXPAND,
RESIZE or
REDUCE statement can
be applied to an X-array parameter.
| Caller | Parameter | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Static | Variable (1:V) | X-Array | |
| Static | no | no | yes |
X-array subrange, for example:
CALLNAT...#XA(1:5) |
no | no | yes |
X-array complete range, for example:
CALLNAT...#XA(*) |
no | no | yes |
| Caller | Parameter | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static | Variable (1:V) | X-Array with a fixed lower bound, e.g.
DEFINE DATA PARAMETER 1 #PX (A10/1:*) |
X-Array with a fixed upper bound, e.g.
DEFINE DATA PARAMETER 1 #PX (A10/*:1) |
|
| Static | no | no | no | no |
X-array subrange, for example:
CALLNAT...#XA(1:5) |
no | no | no | no |
X-Array with a fixed lower bound, complete range, for
example:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #XA(A10/1:*) ... CALLNAT...#XA(*) |
no | no | yes | no |
X-Array with a fixed upper bound, complete range, for
example:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #XA(A10/*:1) ... CALLNAT...#XA(*) |
no | no | no | yes |
The declaration of an X-group array implies that each element of the
group will have the same values for upper boundary and lower boundary.
Therefore, the number of occurrences of dependent dimensions of fields of an
X-group array can only be changed when the group name of the X-group array is
given with a RESIZE,
REDUCE or
EXPAND statement (see
Storage Management of X-Group
Arrays above).
Members of X-group arrays may be transferred as parameters to
X-group arrays defined in a parameter data area. The group structures of the
caller and the callee need not necessarily be identical. A RESIZE,
REDUCE or EXPAND done by the callee is only possible
as far as the X-group array of the caller stays consistent.
Program:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #X-GROUP-ARR1(1:*) /* (1:*) 2 #X-ARR1 (I4) /* (1:*) 2 #X-ARR2 (I4) /* (1:*) 1 #X-GROUP-ARR2(1:*) /* (1:*) 2 #X-ARR3 (I4) /* (1:*) 2 #X-ARR4 (I4) /* (1:*) END-DEFINE ... CALLNAT ... #X-ARR1(*) #X-ARR4(*) ... END
Subprogram:
DEFINE DATA PARAMETER 1 #X-GROUP-ARR(1:*) /* (1:*) 2 #X-PAR1 (I4) /* (1:*) 2 #X-PAR2 (I4) /* (1:*) END-DEFINE ... RESIZE ARRAY #X-GROUP-ARR to (1:5) ... END
The RESIZE statement in the subprogram is not possible.
It would result in an inconsistent number of occurrences of the fields defined
in the X-group arrays of the program.
An X-array of dynamic variables may be allocated by first specifying
the number of occurrences using the EXPAND statement and then
assigning a value to the previously allocated array occurrences.
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 #X-ARRAY(A/1:*) DYNAMIC END-DEFINE EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARRAY TO (1:10) /* allocate #X-ARRAY(1) to #X-ARRAY(10) with zero length. /* *LENGTH(#X-ARRAY(1:10)) is zero #X-ARRAY(*) := 'abc' /* #X-ARRAY(1:10) contains 'abc', /* *LENGTH(#X-ARRAY(1:10)) is 3 EXPAND ARRAY #X-ARRAY TO (1:20) /* allocate #X-ARRAY(11) to #X-ARRAY(20) with zero length /* *LENGTH(#X-ARRAY(11:20)) is zero #X-ARRAY(11:20) := 'def' /* #X-ARRAY(11:20) contains 'def' /* *LENGTH(#X-ARRAY(11:20)) is 3
The system variables *LBOUND
and *UBOUND
contain the current lower and upper bound of an array for the specified
dimension(s): (1,2 or 3).
If no occurrences of an X-array have been allocated, the access to
*LBOUND or *UBOUND is
undefined for the variable index bounds, that is, for the boundaries that are
represented by an asterisk (*) character in the index definition, and leads to
a runtime error. In order to avoid a runtime error, the system variable
*OCCURRENCE
may be used to check against zero occurrences before
*LBOUND or *UBOUND is
evaluated:
Example:
IF *OCCURRENCE (#A) NE 0 AND *UBOUND(#A) < 100 THEN ...