This document contains suggestions to avoid unnecessary SRB/TCB switches and reduce CPU overhead for zIIP support and to improve the offload to the ZIIP.
Note:
You can use the Component Switch
Statistics (see the Natural system command
ZIIP) to view the list of components that cause TCB
switches.
The Natural profile/session parameter MT (maximum CPU time)
has the effect that each time Natural starts a program at Level 1, a z/OS timer
service request must be executed. This forces Natural to switch off from the
zIIP. The default setting is MT=60 to prevent endless loops in
Natural applications. Consequently, each time Natural falls back to a program
level of 0, the timer is restarted. This also happens with the
FETCH statement: each time a program is fetched, the timer must be
reset.
The default setting is MT=60 to prevent endless loops in
Natural applications. Software AG recommends to set MT=0 when
running a session that executes many FETCH statements. This will
prevent Natural from using timer macros and avoids unnecessary SRB/TCB
switches.
Natural needs to switch off zIIP usage each time a 3GL program is executed, because Natural does not know whether any z/OS service calls are issued in the external subprogram(s).
In addition, Natural is only allowed to offload Natural-written code to a zIIP. User-defined code written in any other language must not be offloaded.
Calling 3GL programs within a Natural loop, forces many SRB/TCB switches, and therefore much CPU overhead. A high share of 3GL code will reduce the offload capabilities of Natural sessions. Such sessions are not suitable for running zIIP-enabled.
Executing an Adabas access statement in Natural, causes at least one WAIT SVC call and forces Natural to switch off from the zIIP. You can reduce the number of switches by exploiting the multi-fetch capabilities of Natural:
| Without Multi-Fetch | With Multi-Fetch | |
|---|---|---|
| Records read | 100,000 | 100,000 |
| Number of switches into SRB mode | 100,000 | 12,500 |
| Total enclave CPU time | 5,389 ms | 958 ms |
For further information on the multi-fetch feature, see Multi-Fetch Clause, in Accessing Data in an Adabas Database in the Programming Guide.
External sorts cannot run on the zIIP which forces Natural to switch off from the zIIP when a record is passed to or returned from the external sort.
You can avoid unnecessary switches by defining a sort work buffer as
cache buffer using the WRKSIZE keyword
subparameter of the Natural SORT profile parameter.
Natural collects all records in the work buffer and passes them with a single
SRB/TCB switch to the external sort during the input phase of the external
sort. Natural retrieves the records from the external sort into the work buffer
with a single SRB/TCB switch and passes them, record by record, to the Natural
application during the output phase of the external sort.
Using the Natural SORT parameter reduces the number of
SRB/TCB switches to zero.
In the example below, the size of the sort work buffer has been defined with 1000.
| Using External Sort | Using Natural SORT | |
|---|---|---|
| Records read | 1,145 | 1,145 |
| Number of switches into SRB mode | 3 | 0 |
| Total enclave CPU time | 128 ms | 51 ms |
You can specify the Natural profile parameter
SORT to
bypass the external sort and use the internal Natural SORT, for
example:
SORT=(WRKSIZE=1000,EXT=OFF)
Any work file or printer usage causes I/O interrupts which force Natural to switch off from the zIIP. You can avoid unnecessary switches by defining cache buffers to be used for print and work file I/O processing. These cache buffers are used to keep the data in core as long as possible and read or write data in larger chunks.
The cache buffers are defined with the keyword subparameter
PWCSIZE
of the profile parameter ZIIP, for example:
ZIIP=(PWCSIZE=(300,200,300))
The buffer sizes are interpreted in KB. They specify the print buffer, read buffer and write buffer. Buffer sizes of several 100 KB are sufficient.
Primary I/O operations are not subject to caching. Instead, the size of
the terminal I/O buffer is relevant. This buffer is flushed either when it is
full or when an I/O is triggered by an INPUT statement.
You can use the Natural profile parameter
MAINPR to
separate program output from Natural system output and reroute primary output
for CMPRINT to an additional printer that is processed with a
cache buffer.
When your application creates a printout with a line size of 132 characters, a print cache of 132 KB will reduce the SRB/TCB switches for printing by a factor of 1000. This means, Natural will not switch for every line, but only once per 1000 lines or 20 pages.
| WRITE (1) Without Cache | WRITE (1) With Cache | |
|---|---|---|
| Lines written | 10,000 | 10,000 |
| Number of switches into SRB mode | 10,003 | 10 |
| Total WLM enclave CPU time | 386 ms | 68 ms |
For the work file handling, you will get a similar result:
| READ WORK FILE (1) Without Cache | READ WORK FILE (1) With Cache | |
|---|---|---|
| Records read | 10,000 | 10,000 |
| Number of switches into SRB mode | 10,478 | 5 |
| Total WLM enclave CPU time | 641 ms | 305 ms |
You can monitor the usage of the cache buffers by using the Natural
system command BUS.
To monitor buffer cache usage
Issue the following system command:
BUS
A Buffer Usage Statistics report then outputs the sizes used by the cache buffers:
12:50:28 ***** NATURAL BUS UTILITY ***** 2012-04-03 User SAG - Buffer Usage Statistics - OpSYS z/OS No. Name Type Size Used Perc. MaxUsed Perc. MaxSize Perc. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 PCACHE V 512000 32 0.0 511958 100.0 21 WCACHEO V 307200 32 0.0 306947 99.9 26 WCACHE01 V 512000 32 0.0 511992 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ThrdSize Total 1382656 166593 12.0 2000 54.9 33480 1.6 2000K (in KB) 1351K 163K 742K 33K ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nat9995 Natural session terminated normally. |
PCACHE is the cache for all print output.
WCACHEO is the cache for the WRITE WORK
FILE statement.
WCACHEnn is the cache for
the READ WORK FILE statements.
For statements generating output (such as WRITE or
WRITE WORK FILE), only one cache buffer is allocated, also for
multiple files. For the READ WORK FILE statement, there is one
buffer allocated per work file. The buffers are allocated only when used.
For detailed information on the Buffer Usage Statistics, refer to the relevant section in SYSTP Utility in the Utilities documentation.
In batch mode and under TSO, Natural usually allocates an internal
buffer with a GETMAIN or FREEMAIN requests to the
operating system. Any storage request includes an SVC (supervisor call) and
requires a switch back to TCB processing mode.
You can reduce the number of GETMAIN or
FREEMAIN requests by specifying a thread size with the Natural
profile parameter THSIZE. Natural
will then allocate the specified amount of space with one GETMAIN
and then serve all buffer requests from the allocated thread storage without
calling the operating system again.
At the end of a Natural session, you can use the
Buffer
Usage Statistics report (see the
example screen) to check the
buffer and thread usage and determine whether the defined thread size
(MaxUsed) is sufficient to allocate all buffers used by the
session.