This section describes the dynamic and static SQL support provided by Natural.
The following topics are covered:
For a list of error messages that may be issued during static generation, see Static Generation Messages and Codes Issued under NDB/NSQ in the Natural Messages and Codes documentation.
The SQL support of Natural combines the flexibility of dynamic SQL support with the high performance of static SQL support.
In contrast to static SQL support, the Natural dynamic SQL support does
not require any special consideration with regard to the operation of the SQL
interface. All SQL statements required to execute an application request are
generated automatically and can be executed immediately with the Natural
RUN
command. Before executing a program, you can look at the generated SQLCODE,
using the LISTSQL
command.
Access to SQL/DS through Natural has the same form whether dynamic or static SQL support is used. Thus, with static SQL support, the same SQL statements in a Natural program can be executed in either dynamic or static mode. An SQL statement can be coded within a Natural program and, for testing purposes, it can be executed using dynamic SQL. If the test is successful, the SQL statement remains unchanged and static SQL for this program can be generated.
Thus, during application development, the programmer works in dynamic mode and all SQL statements are executed dynamically, whereas static SQL is only created for applications that have been transferred to production status.
Natural automatically provides for the preparation and execution of each SQL statement and handles the opening and closing of cursors used for scanning a table.
The following topics are covered:
As each dynamic execution of an SQL statement requires a statically
defined DECLARE STATEMENT and DECLARE CURSOR
statement, a special I/O module named NDBIOMO is provided which
contains a fixed number of these statements and cursors. This number is
specified during the generation of the NDBIOMO module in the
course of the Natural for DB2 installation process.
If possible, an SQL statement is only prepared once and can then be
executed several times if required. For this purpose, Natural internally
maintains a table of all SQL statements that have been prepared and assigns
each of these statements to a DECLAREd STATEMENT in the module
NDBIOMO.
In addition, this table maintains the cursors used by the SQL statements
SELECT,
FETCH,
UPDATE
(positioned), and DELETE (positioned).
Each SQL statement is uniquely identified by:
the name of the Natural program that contains this SQL statement,
the line number of the SQL statement in this program,
the name of the Natural library into which this program was stowed,
the time stamp when this program was stowed.
Once a statement has been prepared, it can be executed several times
with different variable values, using the dynamic SQL statement EXECUTE
USING DESCRIPTOR or OPEN CURSOR USING DESCRIPTOR.
When the full capacity of the statement table is reached, the entry for the next prepared statement overwrites the entry for a free statement whose latest execution is the least recent one.
When a new SELECT statement is
requested, a free entry in the statement table with the corresponding cursor is
assigned to it and all subsequent FETCH,
UPDATE, and
DELETE statements
referring to this SELECT statement will use
this cursor. Upon completion of the sequential scanning of the table, the
cursor is released and free for another assignment. While the cursor is open,
the entry in the statement table is marked as used and cannot be reused by
another statement.
If the number of nested FIND (SELECT)
statements reaches the number of entries available in the statement table, any
further SQL statement is rejected at execution time and a Natural error message
is returned.
The size of the statement table depends on the size specified for the
module NDBIOMO.
Since the statement table is contained in the SQL/DS buffer area, the setting
of Natural profile parameter DB2SIZE (see also
Natural Parameter Modification for SQL/DS in
Installing Natural for SQL/DS in the
Installation for
z/VSE
documentation) may not be sufficient and may need to be increased.
The embedded SQL uses cursor logic to handle
SELECT statements.
The preparation and execution of a SELECT statement is done as
follows:
The typical SELECT statement is prepared by a program
flow which contains the following embedded SQL statements (note that
X and
SQLOBJ are SQL variables, not program
labels):
DECLARE SQLOBJ STATEMENT DECLARE X CURSOR FOR SQLOBJ INCLUDE SQLDA (copy SQL control block)
Then, the following statement is moved into
SQLSOURCE:
SELECT PERSONNEL_ID, NAME, AGE
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE NAME IN (?, ?)
AND AGE BETWEEN ? AND ?
Note:
The question marks (?) above are parameter markers which indicate
where values are to be inserted at execution time.
PREPARE SQLOBJ FROM SQLSOURCE
Then, the SELECT statement is executed as follows:
OPEN X USING DESCRIPTOR SQLDA FETCH X USING DESCRIPTOR SQLDA
The descriptor SQLDA is used to indicate a variable
list of program areas. When the OPEN statement is executed, it
contains the address, length, and type of each value which replaces a parameter
marker in the
WHERE
clause of the SELECT statement. When the
FETCH statement is
executed, it contains the address, length, and type of all program areas which
receive fields read from the table.
When the FETCH statement is executed for the first
time, it sets the Natural system variable
*NUMBER
to a non-zero value if at least one record is found that meets the search
criteria. Then, all records satisfying the search criteria are read by repeated
execution of the FETCH statement.
Once all records have been read, the cursor is released by executing the following statement:
CLOSE X
This section describes how to prepare Natural programs for static execution.
The following topics are covered:
For an explanation of the symbols used in this section to describe the syntax of Natural statements, see Syntax Symbols in the Natural Statements documentation.
Static SQL is generated in Natural batch mode for one or more Natural applications which can consist of one or more Natural object programs. The number of programs that can be modified for static execution in one run of the generation procedure is limited to 999.
During the generation procedure, the database access statements contained in the specified Natural objects are extracted, written to work files, and transformed into a temporary Assembler program. If no Natural program is found that contains SQL access or if any error occurs during static SQL generation, batch Natural terminates and condition code 40 is returned, which means that all further JCL steps must no longer be executed.
The temporary Assembler program is written to a temporary file (the
Natural work file CMWKF06) and precompiled. The size of the
workfile is proportional to the maximum number of programs, the number of SQL
statements and the number of variables used in the SQL statements. During the
precompilation step, a static SQL/DS module (access module) is created, and
after the precompilation step, the precompiler output is extracted from the
Assembler program and written to the corresponding Natural objects, which means
that the Natural objects are modified (prepared) for static execution. The
temporary Assembler program is no longer used and deleted.
Note:
Since the Assembler precompiler of SQL/DS does not support
GRAPHIC field types, you cannot generate a static Assembler
program if your Natural program(s) contain any references to
GRAPHIC-type columns.
The Natural subprogram NDBDBRM can be used to
check whether a Natural program contains an SQL access and whether it has been
modified for static execution.
The following topics are covered:
To generate static SQL for Natural programs
Logon to the Natural system library SYSSQL.
Since a new SYSSQL library has been created when
installing Natural for SQL/DS, ensure that it contains all Predict interface
programs necessary to run the static SQL generation. These programs are loaded
into SYSSQL at Predict installation time (see the relevant
Predict product documentation).
Specify the CMD CREATE command and the
Natural input necessary for the static SQL generation process; the
CMD CREATE command has the following syntax:
CMD
CREATE DBRM
static-name
USING
using-clause |
{application-name,object-name,excluded-object} |
:
|
:
|
The generation procedure reads but does not modify the specified Natural objects. If one of the specified programs was not found or had no SQL access, return code 4 is returned at the end of the generation step.
If the PREDICT
DOCUMENTATION option is to be used, a corresponding Predict
static SQL entry must be available and the
static-name must correspond to the name
of this entry. In addition, the
static-name must correspond to the name
of the static SQL/DS package to be created during precompilation. The
static-name can be up to 8 characters
long and must conform to Assembler naming conventions.
The using-clause specifies the
Natural objects to be contained in the the static SQL/DS package. These objects
can either be specified explicitly as INPUT DATA in the JCL or
obtained as PREDICT
DOCUMENTATION from Predict.
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WITH XREF
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[LIB
lib-name] |
If the parameters to be specified do not fit in one line, specify the
command identifier (CMD) and the various parameters in separate
lines and use both the input delimiter (as specified with the Natural
profile/session parameter ID - default is a comma
(,) - and the continuation character indicator - as specified with the Natural
profile/session parameter CF; default is a
percent (%) - as shown in the following example:
Example:
CMD CREATE,DBRM,static,USING,PREDICT,DOCUMENTATION,WITH,XREF,NO,% LIB,library
Alternatively, you can also use abbreviations as shown in the following example:
Example:
CMD CRE DBRM static US IN DA W XR Y LIB library
The sequence of the parameters USING,
WITH, and LIB is optional.
As input data, the applications and names of the Natural objects to be
included in the static SQL/DS package must be specified in the subsequent lines
of the job stream (
application-name,object-name). A subset
of these objects can also be excluded again
(excluded-objects). Objects in
libraries whose names begin with SYS can be used for static
generation, too.
The applications and names of Natural objects must be separated by the
input delimiter - as specified with the Natural profile parameter
ID; default
is a comma (,). If you wish to specify all objects whose names begin with a
specific string of characters, use an
object-name or
excluded-objects name that ends with
asterisk notation (*). To specify all objects in an application, use asterisk
notation only.
Example:
LIB1,ABC* LIB2,A*,AB* LIB2,* : .
The specification of applications/objects must be terminated by a line that contains a period (.) only.
Since Predict supports static SQL for SQL/DS, you can also have
Predict supply the input data for creating static SQL by using already existing
PREDICT DOCUMENTATION.
Since Predict Active References supports static SQL for SQL/DS, the generated static SQL/DS package can be documented in Predict, and the documentation can be used and updated with Natural.
WITH XREF is the option which enables you to store
cross-reference data for a static SQL entry in Predict each time a static
SQL/DS package is created (YES). You can instead specify that no
cross-reference data are stored (NO) or that a check is made to
determine whether a Predict static SQL entry for this static DBRM already
exists (FORCE). If so, cross-reference data are stored; if not,
the creation of the static DBRM is not allowed. For more detailed information
on Predict Active References, refer to the relevant Predict documentation.
When WITH XREF (YES/FORCE) is specified,
XREF data are written for both the Predict static SQL entry (if
defined in Predict) and each generated static Natural program. However, static
generation with WITH XREF (YES/FORCE) is possible only if the
corresponding Natural programs have been cataloged with XREF
ON.
WITH XREF FORCE only applies to the USING INPUT
DATA option.
Note:
If you do not use Predict, the XREF option must be
omitted or set to NO and the module NATXRF2 need not
be linked to the Natural nucleus.
With the LIB (library) option, a Predict library other
than the default library (*SYSSTA*) can be specified to contain
the Predict static SQL entry and XREF data. The name of the
library can be up to eight characters long.
The modification procedure modifies the Natural objects involved by
writing precompiler information into the object and by marking the object
header with the static-name as
specified with the CMD CREATE command.
In addition, any existing copies of these objects in the Natural global
buffer pool (if available) are deleted and XREF data are written
to Predict (if specified during the generation procedure).
To perform the modification procedure
Logon to the Natural system library SYSSQL.
Specify the CMD MODIFY command which has the following
syntax:
CMD
MODIFY [ XREF ]
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The input for the modify step is the precompiler output which must
reside on a data set defined as the Natural work file CMWKF01.
The output consists of precompiler information which is written to the corresponding Natural objects. In addition, a message is returned telling you whether it was the first time an object was modified for static execution (modified) or whether it had been modified before (re-modified).
If the XREF option is specified, the Natural work file
CMWKF02 must be defined to contain the resulting list of
cross-reference information concerning the statically generated SQL statements
(see also Assembler/Natural Cross-References).
If you specify the XREF option of the
MODIFY command, an output listing is created on the
work file CMWKF02, which contains the static SQL/DS package name
and the Assembler statement number of each statically generated SQL statement
together with the corresponding Natural source code line number, program name,
library name, database ID and file number.
Example:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBRMNAME STMTNO LINE NATPROG NATLIB DB FNR COMMENT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEM2S 000087 0170 DEM2SUPD HGK 00010 00032 SELECT
000111 0230 UPD/DEL
DEM2S 000121 0370 DEM2SINS HGK 00010 00032 INSERT
DEM2S 000131 0150 DEM2SDEL HGK 00010 00032 SELECT
000155 0170 UPD/DEL
DEM2S 000165 0040 DEM2SDL2 HGK 00010 00032 UPD/DEL
| Column | Explanation |
|---|---|
DBRMNAME |
Name of the static SQL/DS package which contains the static SQL statement. |
STMTNO |
Assembler statement number of the static SQL statement. |
LINE |
Corresponding Natural source code line number. |
NATPROG |
Name of the Natural program that contains the static SQL statement. |
NATLIB |
Name of the Natural library that contains the Natural program. |
DB / FNR |
Natural database ID and file number. |
COMMENT |
Type of SQL statement. |
To be able to execute Natural in static mode, all users of Natural must
have the SQL/DS EXECUTE PLAN/PACKAGE privilege for the plan
created in the precompilation step.
To execute static SQL, start Natural and execute the corresponding Natural program. Internally, the Natural runtime interface evaluates the precompiler data written to the Natural object and then performs the static accesses.
To the user there is no difference between dynamic and static execution.
It is possible to operate Natural in a mixed static and dynamic mode where for some programs static SQL is generated and for some not.
The mode in which a program is run is determined by the Natural object program itself. If a static SQL/DS package is referenced in the executing program, all statements in this program are executed in static mode.
Note:
Natural programs which return a runtime error do not automatically
execute in dynamic mode. Instead, either the error must be corrected or, as a
temporary solution, the Natural program must be recataloged to be able to
execute in dynamic mode.
Within the same Natural session, static and dynamic programs can be mixed without any further specifications. The decision which mode to use is made by each individual Natural program.
For a list of error messages that may be issued during static generation, refer to Static Generation Messages and Codes Issued under NDB/NSQ in the Natural Messages and Codes documentation.