This document describes various aspects of accessing data in an Adabas database with Natural.
The following topics are covered:
Natural's Adabas database management interfaces ADA and ADA2 are considered distinct database interfaces like, for example, ADA and SQL.
Database type ADA is Natural's default interface to Adabas databases. It is the appropriate choice if new Adabas functionality as introduced with Adabas Version 6 on Open Systems and Adabas Version 8 on mainframes is not concerned.
Database type ADA2 is provided as an extended interface to Adabas
databases as of Version 6 on Open Systems and Adabas as of Version 8 on
mainframes. In particular, it supports Adabas LA fields, Adabas large object
fields and extended Adabas buffer lengths. The support of Adabas LA and large
object fields implies the use of Natural format
(A)
DYNAMIC in a view definition, the support of extended Adabas
buffer lengths enables the definition of view sizes that exceed 64 KB. For
further information, refer to Defining a Database
View.
Database type ADA2 does not support multi-fetch processing. Corresponding global and local definitions are ignored at runtime.
Software AG products which have their own system files require a corresponding physical database of database type ADA.
Natural objects that were compiled with database type ADA can be executed in an environment where the corresponding Adabas database is defined as database type ADA2.
For Natural to be able to access a database file, a logical definition of the physical database file is required. Such a logical file definition is called a data definition module (DDM).
This section covers the following topics:
The data definition module contains information about the individual fields of the file - information which is relevant for the use of these fields in a Natural program. A DDM constitutes a logical view of a physical database file.
For each physical file of a database, one or more DDMs can be defined.
And for each DDM one or more data views can be defined as described
View
Definition in the DEFINE DATA statement
documentation and explained in the section Defining a Database
View.
DDMs are defined by the Natural administrator with Predict (or, if Predict is not available, with the corresponding Natural function).
Use the system command SYSDDM
to invoke the SYSDDM utility. The SYSDDM utility is
used to perform all functions needed for the creation and maintenance of
Natural data definition modules.
For further information on the SYSDDM
utility, see the section DDM Services in the
Editors documentation.
For each database field, a DDM contains the database-internal field
name as well as the "external" field name, that is, the name of
the field as used in a Natural program. Moreover, the formats and lengths of
the fields are defined in the DDM, as well as various specifications that are
used when the fields are output with a DISPLAY or
WRITE statement (column headings, edit masks, etc.).
For the field attributes defined in a DDM, refer to Using the DDM Editor in the section DDM Services of the Editors documentation.
Adabas supports array structures within the database in the form of multiple-value fields and periodic groups.
This section covers the following topics:
A multiple-value field is a field which can have more than one value (up to 65534, depending on the Adabas version and definition of the FDT) within a given record.
Assuming that the above is a record in an employees file, the first field (Name) is an elementary field, which can contain only one value, namely the name of the person; whereas the second field (Languages), which contains the languages spoken by the person, is a multiple-value field, as a person can speak more than one language.
A periodic group is a group of fields (which may be elementary fields and/or multiple-value fields) that may have more than one occurrence (up to 65534, depending on the Adabas version and definition of the field definition table (FDT)) within a given record.
The different values of a multiple-value field are usually called "occurrences"; that is, the number of occurrences is the number of values which the field contains, and a specific occurrence means a specific value. Similarly, in the case of periodic groups, occurrences refer to a group of values.
Assuming that the above is a record in a vehicles file, the first field (Name) is an elementary field which contains the name of a person; Cars is a periodic group which contains the automobiles owned by that person. The periodic group consists of three fields which contain the registration number, make and model of each automobile. Each occurrence of Cars contains the values for one automobile.
To reference one or more occurrences of a multiple-value field or a periodic group, you specify an "index notation" after the field name.
The following examples use the multiple-value field
LANGUAGES and the periodic group CARS from the
previous examples.
The various values of the multiple-value field LANGUAGES
can be referenced as follows.
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
LANGUAGES (1)
|
References the first value (SPANISH).
|
LANGUAGES (X)
|
The value of the variable X determines the value to be referenced. |
LANGUAGES (1:3)
|
References the first three values (SPANISH,
CATALAN and FRENCH).
|
LANGUAGES (6:10) |
References the sixth to tenth values. |
LANGUAGES (X:Y)
|
The values of the variables X and Y
determine the values to be referenced.
|
The various occurrences of the periodic group CARS can be
referenced in the same manner:
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
CARS (1) |
References the first occurrence
(B-123ABC/SEAT/IBIZA).
|
CARS (X)
|
The value of the variable X determines the
occurrence to be referenced.
|
CARS (1:2)
|
References the first two occurrences
(B-123ABC/SEAT/IBIZA and B-999XYZ/VW/GOLF).
|
CARS (4:7)
|
References the fourth to seventh occurrences. |
CARS (X:Y)
|
The values of the variables X and Y
determine the occurrences to be referenced.
|
An Adabas array can have up to two dimensions: a multiple-value field within a periodic group.
Assuming that the above is a record in a vehicles file, the first field (Name) is an elementary field which contains the name of a person; Cars is a periodic group, which contains the automobiles owned by that person. This periodic group consists of three fields which contain the registration number, servicing dates and make of each automobile. Within the periodic group Cars, the field Servicing is a multiple-value field, containing the different servicing dates for each automobile.
To reference one or more occurrences of a multiple-value field within a periodic group, you specify a "two-dimensional" index notation after the field name.
The following examples use the multiple-value field
SERVICING within the periodic group CARS from the
example above. The various values of the multiple-value field can be referenced
as follows:
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
SERVICING (1,1)
|
References the first value of SERVICING in the
first occurrence of CARS (31-05-97).
|
SERVICING (1:5,1)
|
References the first value of SERVICING in the
first five occurrences of CARS.
|
SERVICING (1:5,1:10) |
References the first ten values of SERVICING in
the first five occurrences of CARS.
|
It is sometimes necessary to reference a multiple-value field or a
periodic group without knowing how many values/occurrences exist in a given
record. Adabas maintains an internal count of the number of values in each
multiple-value field and the number of occurrences of each periodic group. This
count may be read in a READ statement by specifying
C* immediately before the field name.
The count is returned in format/length N3. See Referencing the Internal Count for a Database Array for further details.
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
C*LANGUAGES |
Returns the number of values of the multiple-value field
LANGUAGES.
|
C*CARS |
Returns the number of occurrences of the periodic group
CARS.
|
C*SERVICING (1) |
Returns the number of values of the multiple-value field
SERVICING in the first occurrence of a periodic group (assuming
that SERVICING is a multiple-value field within a periodic
group.)
|
To be able to use database fields in a Natural program, you must specify the fields in a database view.
In the view, you specify the name of the data definition module (see Data Definition Modules - DDMs) from which the fields are to be taken, and the names of the database fields themselves (that is, their long names, not their database-internal short names).
The view may comprise an entire DDM or only a subset of it. The order of the fields in the view need not be the same as in the underlying DDM.
As described in the section Statements for Database
Access, the view name is used in the statements
READ, FIND, HISTOGRAM to determine which
database is to be accessed.
For further information on the complete syntax of the view definition
option or on the definition/redefinition of a group of fields, see
View
Definition in the description of the DEFINE
DATA statement in the Statements documentation.
Basically, you have the following options to define a database view:
Inside the Program
You can define a database view inside the program, that is, directly
within the DEFINE
DATA statement of the program.
Outside the Program
You can define a database view outside the program, that is, in a
separate programming object: either a
local data
area (LDA) or a
global data
area (GDA), with the DEFINE DATA statement of the
program referencing that data area.
To define a database view inside the program
At Level 1, specify the view name as follows:
1 view-name VIEW OF ddm-name
where view-name is the name
you choose for the view, ddm-name is
the name of the DDM from which the fields specified in the view are taken.
At Level 2, specify the names of the database fields from the DDM.
In the illustration below, the name of the view is ABC,
and it comprises the fields NAME, FIRST-NAME and
PERSONNEL-ID from the DDM XYZ.
In the view, the format and length of a database field need not be specified, as these are already defined in the underlying DDM.
Sample Program:
In this example, the
view-name is VIEWEMP, and
the ddm-name is EMPLOYEES,
and the names of the database fields taken from the DDM are NAME,
FIRST-NAME and PERSONNEL-ID.
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 VIEWEMP VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 NAME 2 FIRST-NAME 2 PERSONNEL-ID 1 #VARI-A (A20) 1 #VARI-B (N3.2) 1 #VARI-C (I4) END-DEFINE ...
To define a database view outside the program
In the program, specify:
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
USING <data-area-name>
END-DEFINE
...
where data-area-name is the
name you choose for the local or global data area, for example,
LDA39.
In the data area to be referenced:
At Level 1 in the Name column, specify the name you
choose for the view, and in the Miscellaneous column, the name of
the DDM from which the fields specified in the view are taken.
At Level 2, specify the names of the database fields from the DDM.
Example LDA39:
In this example, the view name is VIEWEMP, the DDM
name is EMPLOYEES, and the names of the database fields taken from
the DDM are PERSONNEL-ID, FIRST-NAME and
NAME.
I T L Name F Length Miscellaneous
All -- -------------------------------- - ---------- ------------------------->
V 1 VIEWEMP EMPLOYEES
2 PERSONNEL-ID A 8
2 FIRST-NAME A 20
2 NAME A 20
1 #VARI-A A 20
1 #VARI-B N 3.2
1 #VARI-C I 4
With databases of type ADA2
(specified in the table DBMS Assignments in the Configuration Utility, see
Database Management System
Assignments in the Configuration
Utility documentation), the following applies:
If large alphanumeric (LA) or large object (LOB) fields (Adabas LA/LB
option) are to be used, these fields can be specified within the view
definition with both fixed format/length, for example, A20 or
U20, and dynamic format/length, for example,
(A)DYNAMIC or U(DYNAMIC).
Length indicator fields L@... can also be specified
within views if they are related to LA or LOB fields.
To read data from a database, the following statements are available:
| Statement | Meaning |
|---|---|
READ
|
Select a range of records from a database in a specified sequence. |
FIND
|
Select from a database those records which meet a specified search criterion. |
HISTOGRAM
|
Read only the values of one database field, or determine the number of records which meet a specified search criterion. |
The following topics are covered:
The READ
statement is used to read records from a database. The records can be retrieved
from the database
in the order in which they are physically stored in the database
(READ IN PHYSICAL
SEQUENCE), or
in the order of Adabas Internal Sequence Numbers (READ BY ISN), or
in the order of the values of a descriptor field (READ IN LOGICAL
SEQUENCE).
In this document, only READ IN LOGICAL SEQUENCE is
discussed, as it is the most frequently used form of the READ
statement.
For information on the other two options, please refer to the
description of the READ
statement in the Statements documentation.
The basic syntax of the READ statement is:
READ
view IN LOGICAL SEQUENCE
BY descriptor
|
or shorter:
READ
view LOGICAL BY
descriptor
|
- where
view
|
is the name of a view defined in the
DEFINE DATA
statement and as explained in Defining a Database
View.
|
descriptor
|
is the name of a database field defined in that view. The values of this field determine the order in which the records are read from the database. |
If you specify a descriptor, you need not specify the
keyword LOGICAL:
READ
view BY
descriptor
|
If you do not specify a descriptor, the records will be read in the
order of values of the field defined as default descriptor (under Default
Sequence) in the DDM.
However, if you specify no descriptor, you must specify the
keyword LOGICAL:
READ
view LOGICAL
|
** Example 'READX01': READ ************************************************************************ DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 NAME 2 PERSONNEL-ID 2 JOB-TITLE END-DEFINE * READ (6) MYVIEW BY NAME DISPLAY NAME PERSONNEL-ID JOB-TITLE END-READ END
Output of Program READX01:
With the READ
statement in this example, records from the EMPLOYEES file are
read in alphabetical order of their last names.
The program will produce the following output, displaying the information of each employee in alphabetical order of the employees' last names.
Page 1 04-11-11 14:15:54
NAME PERSONNEL CURRENT
ID POSITION
-------------------- --------- -------------------------
ABELLAN 60008339 MAQUINISTA
ACHIESON 30000231 DATA BASE ADMINISTRATOR
ADAM 50005800 CHEF DE SERVICE
ADKINSON 20008800 PROGRAMMER
ADKINSON 20009800 DBA
ADKINSON 2001100
If you wanted to read the records to create a report with the
employees listed in sequential order by date of birth, the appropriate
READ statement would be:
READ MYVIEW BY BIRTH
You can only specify a field which is defined as a "descriptor" in the underlying DDM (it can also be a subdescriptor, superdescriptor, hyperdescriptor or phonetic descriptor or a non-descriptor).
As shown in the previous example program, you can limit the number of
records to be read by specifying a number in parentheses after the keyword
READ:
READ (6) MYVIEW BY NAME
In that example, the READ statement would read no more
than 6 records.
Without the limit notation, the above READ statement
would read all records from the EMPLOYEES file in the
order of last names from A to Z.
The READ
statement also allows you to qualify the selection of records based on the
value of a descriptor field. With an
EQUAL TO/STARTING
FROM option in the BY clause, you can specify
the value at which reading should begin. (Instead of using the keyword
BY, you may specify the keyword WITH, which would
have the same effect). By adding a
THRU/ENDING
AT option, you can also specify the value in the logical
sequence at which reading should end.
For example, if you wanted a list of those employees in the order of
job titles starting with TRAINEE and continuing on to
Z, you would use one of the following statements:
READ MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE = 'TRAINEE' READ MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE STARTING FROM 'TRAINEE' READ MYVIEW BY JOB-TITLE = 'TRAINEE' READ MYVIEW BY JOB-TITLE STARTING FROM 'TRAINEE'
Note that the value to the right of the equal sign (=) or
STARTING
FROM option must be enclosed in apostrophes. If the value is
numeric, this text notation is
not required.
The sequence of records to be read can be even more closely specified
by adding an end limit with a THRU/ENDING AT
clause.
To read just the records with the job title TRAINEE, you
would specify:
READ MYVIEW BY JOB-TITLE STARTING FROM 'TRAINEE' THRU 'TRAINEE'
READ MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE EQUAL TO 'TRAINEE'
ENDING AT 'TRAINEE'
To read just the records with job titles that begin with
A or B, you would specify:
READ MYVIEW BY JOB-TITLE = 'A' THRU 'C' READ MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE STARTING FROM 'A' ENDING AT 'C'
The values are read up to and including the value specified after
THRU/ENDING
AT. In the two examples above, all records with job titles
that begin with A or B are read; if there were a job
title C, this would also be read, but not the next higher value
CA.
The WHERE clause may be
used to further qualify which records are to be read.
For instance, if you wanted only those employees with job titles
starting from TRAINEE who are paid in US currency, you would
specify:
READ MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE = 'TRAINEE'
WHERE CURR-CODE = 'USD'
The WHERE clause can also be used with the
BY clause as
follows:
READ MYVIEW BY NAME
WHERE SALARY = 20000
The WHERE clause differs from the
BY clause in two
respects:
The field specified in the WHERE clause need not be a
descriptor.
The expression following the WHERE option is a logical
condition.
The following logical operators are possible in a WHERE
clause:
EQUAL |
EQ |
= |
NOT EQUAL TO |
NE |
¬= |
LESS THAN |
LT |
< |
LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO |
LE |
<= |
GREATER THAN |
GT |
> |
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO |
GE |
>= |
The following program illustrates the use of the
STARTING FROM,
ENDING AT and WHERE clauses:
** Example 'READX02': READ (with STARTING, ENDING and WHERE clause)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 JOB-TITLE
2 INCOME (1:2)
3 CURR-CODE
3 SALARY
3 BONUS (1:1)
END-DEFINE
*
READ (3) MYVIEW WITH JOB-TITLE
STARTING FROM 'TRAINEE' ENDING AT 'TRAINEE'
WHERE CURR-CODE (*) = 'USD'
DISPLAY NOTITLE NAME / JOB-TITLE 5X INCOME (1:2)
SKIP 1
END-READ
END
Output of Program READX02:
NAME INCOME
CURRENT
POSITION CURRENCY ANNUAL BONUS
CODE SALARY
------------------------- -------- ---------- ----------
SENKO USD 23000 0
TRAINEE USD 21800 0
BANGART USD 25000 0
TRAINEE USD 23000 0
LINCOLN USD 24000 0
TRAINEE USD 22000 0
See the following example program:
The following topics are covered:
The FIND
statement is used to select from a database those records which meet a
specified search criterion.
The basic syntax of the FIND statement is:
FIND RECORDS IN
view WITH
field = value
|
or shorter:
FIND
view WITH
field = value
|
- where
view
|
is the name of a view as defined in the
DEFINE DATA
statement and as explained in Defining a Database
View.
|
field
|
is the name of a database field as defined in that view. |
You can only specify a field
which is defined as a "descriptor" in the underlying
DDM (it can also be a
subdescriptor, superdescriptor, hyperdescriptor or phonetic descriptor).
For the complete syntax, refer to the FIND statement documentation.
In the same way as with the READ statement described
above, you can
limit the number of records to be processed by specifying a number in
parentheses after the keyword FIND:
FIND (6) RECORDS IN MYVIEW WITH NAME = 'CLEGG'
In the above example, only the first 6 records that meet the search criterion would be processed.
Without the limit notation, all records that meet the search criterion would be processed.
Note:
If the FIND statement contains a
WHERE
clause (see below), records which are rejected as a result of the
WHERE clause are not counted against the limit.
With the WHERE clause of the
FIND statement, you can
specify an additional selection criterion which is evaluated after a
record (selected with the WITH clause) has been
read and before any processing is performed on the record.
** Example 'FINDX01': FIND (with WHERE)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 PERSONNEL-ID
2 NAME
2 JOB-TITLE
2 CITY
END-DEFINE
*
FIND MYVIEW WITH CITY = 'PARIS'
WHERE JOB-TITLE = 'INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL'
DISPLAY NOTITLE CITY JOB-TITLE PERSONNEL-ID NAME
END-FIND
END
Note:
In this example only those records which meet the criteria of the
WITH clause and the WHERE clause are
processed in the DISPLAY statement.
Output of Program FINDX01:
CITY CURRENT PERSONNEL NAME
POSITION ID
-------------------- ------------------------- --------- --------------------
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50007300 CAHN
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50006500 MAZUY
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50004700 FAURIE
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50004400 VALLY
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50002800 BRETON
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50001000 GIGLEUX
PARIS INGENIEUR COMMERCIAL 50000400 KORAB-BRZOZOWSKI
If no records are found that meet the search criteria specified in the
WITH and
WHERE
clauses, the statements within the FIND processing loop are not
executed (for the previous example, this would mean that the
DISPLAY statement
would not be executed and consequently no employee data would be
displayed).
However, the FIND statement also provides an
IF NO RECORDS
FOUND clause, which allows you to specify processing you wish
to be performed in the case that no records meet the search criteria.
** Example 'FINDX02': FIND (with IF NO RECORDS FOUND)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 FIRST-NAME
END-DEFINE
*
FIND MYVIEW WITH NAME = 'BLACKSMITH'
IF NO RECORDS FOUND
WRITE 'NO PERSON FOUND.'
END-NOREC
DISPLAY NAME FIRST-NAME
END-FIND
END
The above program selects all records in which the field
NAME contains the value BLACKSMITH. For each selected
record, the name and first name are displayed. If no record with NAME =
'BLACKSMITH' is found on the file, the WRITE statement within the
IF NO RECORDS
FOUND clause is executed.
Output of Program FINDX02:
Page 1 04-11-11 14:15:54
NAME FIRST-NAME
-------------------- --------------------
NO PERSON FOUND.
See the following example programs:
The following topics are covered:
The HISTOGRAM statement is used to
either read only the values of one database field, or determine the number of
records which meet a specified search criterion.
The HISTOGRAM statement does not provide access to any
database fields other than the one specified in the HISTOGRAM
statement.
The basic syntax of the HISTOGRAM statement is:
HISTOGRAM VALUE IN
view FOR
field
|
or shorter:
HISTOGRAM
view FOR
field
|
- where
view
|
is the name of a view as defined in the
DEFINE DATA
statement and as explained in Defining a Database
View.
|
field
|
is the name of a database field as defined in that view. |
For the complete syntax, refer to the
HISTOGRAM statement
documentation.
In the same way as with the
READ
statement, you can limit the number of values to be read by specifying a number
in parentheses after the keyword HISTOGRAM:
HISTOGRAM (6) MYVIEW FOR NAME
In the above example, only the first 6 values of the field
NAME would be read.
Without the limit notation, all values would be read.
Like the READ statement, the
HISTOGRAM statement also provides a
STARTING
FROM clause and an ENDING AT (or THRU) clause to
narrow down the range of values to be read by specifying a starting value and
ending value.
HISTOGRAM MYVIEW FOR NAME STARTING from 'BOUCHARD' HISTOGRAM MYVIEW FOR NAME STARTING from 'BOUCHARD' ENDING AT 'LANIER' HISTOGRAM MYVIEW FOR NAME from 'BLOOM' THRU 'ROESER'
The HISTOGRAM statement also
provides a WHERE clause
which may be used to specify an additional selection criterion that is
evaluated after a value has been read and before any
processing is performed on the value. The field specified in the
WHERE clause must be the same as in the main clause of the
HISTOGRAM statement.
** Example 'HISTOX01': HISTOGRAM ************************************************************************ DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 CITY END-DEFINE * LIMIT 8 HISTOGRAM MYVIEW CITY STARTING FROM 'M' DISPLAY NOTITLE CITY 'NUMBER OF/PERSONS' *NUMBER *COUNTER END-HISTOGRAM END
In this program, the system variables
*NUMBER
and *COUNTER
are also evaluated by the HISTOGRAM statement, and output with the
DISPLAY statement.
*NUMBER contains the number of database records
that contain the last value read; *COUNTER
contains the total number of values which have been read.
Output of Program HISTOX01:
CITY NUMBER OF CNT
PERSONS
-------------------- ----------- -----------
MADISON 3 1
MADRID 41 2
MAILLY LE CAMP 1 3
MAMERS 1 4
MANSFIELD 4 5
MARSEILLE 2 6
MATLOCK 1 7
MELBOURNE 2 8
This section covers the multi-fetch record retrieval functionality for Adabas databases.
The multi-fetch functionality described in this
section is only supported for databases of type ADA, which can be defined in the DBMS Assignments table in the
Configuration Utility; see
Database Management System
Assignments in the Configuration
Utility documentation. With database type ADA2, the
multi-fetch clause is not supported.
The following topics are covered:
In standard mode, Natural does not read multiple records with a single database call; it always operates in a one-record-per-fetch mode. This kind of operation is solid and stable, but can take some time if a large number of database records are being processed. To improve the performance of those programs, you can use multi-fetch processing.
By default, Natural uses single-fetch to retrieve data from Adabas
databases. This default can be configured using the Natural profile parameter
MFSET.
Values ON (multi-fetch) and OFF
(single-fetch) define the default behavior. If MFSET is
set to NEVER, Natural always uses single-fetch mode and ignores
any settings at statement level.
The default processing mode can also be overridden at statement level.
Multi-fetch processing is supported for the following statements that do not involve database modification:
For more information on the syntax, see the description of the
MULTI-FETCH clause of the
FIND,
READ or
HISTOGRAM
statements.
If nested database loops that refer to the same Adabas file contain
UPDATE statements in
one of the inner loops, Natural continues processing the outer loops with the
updated values. This implies in multi-fetch mode, that an outer logical
READ loop has to be repositioned if an inner database loop updates
the value of the descriptor that is used for sequence control in the outer
loop. If this attempt leads to a conflict for the current descriptor, an error
is returned. To avoid this situation, we recommend that you disable multi-fetch
in the outer database loops.
In general, multi-fetch mode improves performance when accessing Adabas databases. In some cases, however, it might be advantageous to use single-fetch to enhance performance, especially if database modifications are involved.
This section discusses processing loops required to process data that
have been selected from a database as a result of a FIND,
READ or HISTOGRAM statement.
The following topics are covered:
Natural automatically creates the necessary processing loops which are
required to process data that have been selected from a database as a result of
a FIND,
READ or
HISTOGRAM
statement.
In the following exampe, the FIND loop selects all records from
the EMPLOYEES file in which the field NAME contains
the value ADKINSON and processes the selected records. In this
example, the processing consists of displaying certain fields from each record
selected.
** Example 'FINDX03': FIND ************************************************************************ DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 NAME 2 FIRST-NAME 2 CITY END-DEFINE * FIND MYVIEW WITH NAME = 'ADKINSON' DISPLAY NAME FIRST-NAME CITY END-FIND END
If the FIND
statement contained a WHERE clause in
addition to the WITH clause, only
those records that were selected as a result of the WITH clause
and met the WHERE criteria would be processed.
The following diagram illustrates the flow logic of a database processing loop:
The use of multiple FIND and/or
READ statements creates
a hierarchy of processing loops, as shown in the following
example:
** Example 'FINDX04': FIND (two FIND statements nested)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 PERSONVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 PERSONNEL-ID
2 NAME
1 AUTOVIEW VIEW OF VEHICLES
2 PERSONNEL-ID
2 MAKE
2 MODEL
END-DEFINE
*
EMP. FIND PERSONVIEW WITH NAME = 'ADKINSON'
VEH. FIND AUTOVIEW WITH PERSONNEL-ID = PERSONNEL-ID (EMP.)
DISPLAY NAME MAKE MODEL
END-FIND
END-FIND
END
The above program selects from the EMPLOYEES file all
people with the name ADKINSON. Each record (person) selected is
then processed as follows:
The second FIND statement is executed to select the
automobiles from the VEHICLES file, using as selection criterion
the PERSONNEL-IDs from the records selected from the
EMPLOYEES file with the first FIND statement.
The NAME of each person selected is displayed; this
information is obtained from the EMPLOYEES file. The
MAKE and MODEL of each automobile owned by that
person is also displayed; this information is obtained from the
VEHICLES file.
The second FIND statement creates an inner processing
loop within the outer processing loop of the first FIND statement,
as shown in the following diagram.
The diagram illustrates the flow logic of the hierarchy of processing loops in the previous example program:
It is also possible to construct a processing loop hierarchy in which the same file is used at both levels of the hierarchy:
** Example 'FINDX05': FIND (two FIND statements on same file nested)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 PERSONVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 FIRST-NAME
2 CITY
1 #NAME (A40)
END-DEFINE
*
WRITE TITLE LEFT JUSTIFIED
'PEOPLE IN SAME CITY AS:' #NAME / 'CITY:' CITY SKIP 1
*
FIND PERSONVIEW WITH NAME = 'JONES'
WHERE FIRST-NAME = 'LAUREL'
COMPRESS NAME FIRST-NAME INTO #NAME
/*
FIND PERSONVIEW WITH CITY = CITY
DISPLAY NAME FIRST-NAME CITY
END-FIND
END-FIND
END
The above program first selects all people with name JONES
and first name LAUREL from the EMPLOYEES file. Then
all who live in the same city are selected from the EMPLOYEES file
and a list of these people is created. All field values displayed by the
DISPLAY statement are taken from the second FIND
statement.
Output of Program FINDX05:
PEOPLE IN SAME CITY AS: JONES LAUREL
CITY: BALTIMORE
NAME FIRST-NAME CITY
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
JENSON MARTHA BALTIMORE
LAWLER EDDIE BALTIMORE
FORREST CLARA BALTIMORE
ALEXANDER GIL BALTIMORE
NEEDHAM SUNNY BALTIMORE
ZINN CARLOS BALTIMORE
JONES LAUREL BALTIMORE
See the following example programs:
This section describes how Natural performs database updating operations based on transactions.
The following topics are covered:
Natural performs database updating operations based on transactions, which means that all database update requests are processed in logical transaction units. A logical transaction is the smallest unit of work (as defined by you) which must be performed in its entirety to ensure that the information contained in the database is logically consistent.
A logical transaction may consist of one or more update statements
(DELETE,
STORE,
UPDATE) involving one
or more database files. A logical transaction may also span multiple Natural
programs.
A logical transaction begins when a record is put on
"hold"; Natural does this automatically when the record is read
for updating, for example, if a FIND loop contains an
UPDATE or DELETE statement.
The end of a logical transaction is determined by an
END TRANSACTION
statement in the program. This statement ensures that all updates within the
transaction have been successfully applied, and releases all records that were
put on "hold" during the transaction.
DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 NAME END-DEFINE FIND MYVIEW WITH NAME = 'SMITH' DELETE END TRANSACTION END-FIND END
Each record selected would be put on "hold", deleted, and
then - when the END
TRANSACTION statement is executed - released from
"hold".
Note:
The Natural profile parameter ETEOP, as set by the
Natural administrator, determines whether or not Natural will generate an
END TRANSACTION statement at the end of each Natural program. Ask
your Natural administrator for details.
The following example program adds new records to the
EMPLOYEES file.
** Example 'STOREX01': STORE (Add new records to EMPLOYEES file)
*
** CAUTION: Executing this example will modify the database records!
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 EMPLOYEE-VIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 PERSONNEL-ID(A8)
2 NAME (A20)
2 FIRST-NAME (A20)
2 MIDDLE-I (A1)
2 SALARY (P9/2)
2 MAR-STAT (A1)
2 BIRTH (D)
2 CITY (A20)
2 COUNTRY (A3)
*
1 #PERSONNEL-ID (A8)
1 #NAME (A20)
1 #FIRST-NAME (A20)
1 #INITIAL (A1)
1 #MAR-STAT (A1)
1 #SALARY (N9)
1 #BIRTH (A8)
1 #CITY (A20)
1 #COUNTRY (A3)
1 #CONF (A1) INIT <'Y'>
END-DEFINE
*
REPEAT
INPUT 'ENTER A PERSONNEL ID AND NAME (OR ''END'' TO END)' //
'PERSONNEL-ID : ' #PERSONNEL-ID //
'NAME : ' #NAME /
'FIRST-NAME : ' #FIRST-NAME
/*********************************************************************
/* validate entered data
/*********************************************************************
IF #PERSONNEL-ID = 'END' OR #NAME = 'END'
STOP
END-IF
IF #NAME = ' '
REINPUT WITH TEXT 'ENTER A LAST-NAME'
MARK 2 AND SOUND ALARM
END-IF
IF #FIRST-NAME = ' '
REINPUT WITH TEXT 'ENTER A FIRST-NAME'
MARK 3 AND SOUND ALARM
END-IF
/*********************************************************************
/* ensure person is not already on file
/*********************************************************************
FIP2. FIND NUMBER EMPLOYEE-VIEW WITH PERSONNEL-ID = #PERSONNEL-ID
/*
IF *NUMBER (FIP2.) > 0
REINPUT 'PERSON WITH SAME PERSONNEL-ID ALREADY EXISTS'
MARK 1 AND SOUND ALARM
END-IF
/*********************************************************************
/* get further information
/*********************************************************************
INPUT
'ENTER EMPLOYEE DATA' ////
'PERSONNEL-ID :' #PERSONNEL-ID (AD=IO) /
'NAME :' #NAME (AD=IO) /
'FIRST-NAME :' #FIRST-NAME (AD=IO) ///
'INITIAL :' #INITIAL /
'ANNUAL SALARY :' #SALARY /
'MARITAL STATUS :' #MAR-STAT /
'DATE OF BIRTH (YYYYMMDD) :' #BIRTH /
'CITY :' #CITY /
'COUNTRY (3 CHARS) :' #COUNTRY //
'ADD THIS RECORD (Y/N) :' #CONF (AD=M)
/*********************************************************************
/* ENSURE REQUIRED FIELDS CONTAIN VALID DATA
/*********************************************************************
IF #SALARY < 10000
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER A PROPER ANNUAL SALARY' MARK 2
END-IF
IF NOT (#MAR-STAT = 'S' OR = 'M' OR = 'D' OR = 'W')
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER VALID MARITAL STATUS S=SINGLE ' -
'M=MARRIED D=DIVORCED W=WIDOWED' MARK 3
END-IF
IF NOT(#BIRTH = MASK(YYYYMMDD) AND #BIRTH = MASK(1582-2699))
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER CORRECT DATE' MARK 4
END-IF
IF #CITY = ' '
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER A CITY NAME' MARK 5
END-IF
IF #COUNTRY = ' '
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER A COUNTRY CODE' MARK 6
END-IF
IF NOT (#CONF = 'N' OR= 'Y')
REINPUT TEXT 'ENTER Y (YES) OR N (NO)' MARK 7
END-IF
IF #CONF = 'N'
ESCAPE TOP
END-IF
/*********************************************************************
/* add the record with STORE
/*********************************************************************
MOVE #PERSONNEL-ID TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.PERSONNEL-ID
MOVE #NAME TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.NAME
MOVE #FIRST-NAME TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.FIRST-NAME
MOVE #INITIAL TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.MIDDLE-I
MOVE #SALARY TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.SALARY (1)
MOVE #MAR-STAT TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.MAR-STAT
MOVE EDITED #BIRTH TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.BIRTH (EM=YYYYMMDD)
MOVE #CITY TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.CITY
MOVE #COUNTRY TO EMPLOYEE-VIEW.COUNTRY
/*
STP3. STORE RECORD IN FILE EMPLOYEE-VIEW
/*
/*********************************************************************
/* mark end of logical transaction
/*********************************************************************
END OF TRANSACTION
RESET INITIAL #CONF
END-REPEAT
END
Output of Program STOREX01:
ENTER A PERSONNEL ID AND NAME (OR 'END' TO END) PERSONNEL ID : NAME : FIRST NAME :
If Natural is used with Adabas, any record which is to be updated will
be placed in "hold" status until an
END TRANSACTION or
BACKOUT TRANSACTION
statement is issued or the transaction time limit is exceeded.
When a record is placed in "hold" status for one user, the record is not available for update by another user. Another user who wishes to update the same record will be placed in "wait" status until the record is released from "hold" when the first user ends or backs out his/her transaction.
To prevent users from being placed in wait status, the session
parameter WH
(Wait for Record in Hold Status) can be used (see the Parameter
Reference).
When you use update logic in a program, you should consider the following:
The maximum time that a record can be in hold status is determined by
the Adabas transaction time limit (Adabas parameter TT).
If this time limit is exceeded, you will receive an error message and all
database modifications done since the last END TRANSACTION will be made
undone.
The number of records on hold and the transaction time limit are
affected by the size of a transaction, that is, by the placement of the
END TRANSACTION statement in the program. Restart facilities
should be considered when deciding where to issue an END
TRANSACTION. For example, if a majority of records being processed are
not to be updated, the GET statement is an efficient way
of controlling the "holding" of records. This avoids issuing
multiple END TRANSACTION statements and reduces the number of ISNs
on hold. When you process large files, you should bear in mind that the
GET statement requires an additional Adabas call. An example of a
GET statement is shown below.
** Example 'GETX01': GET (put single record in hold with UPDATE stmt)
**
** CAUTION: Executing this example will modify the database records!
***********************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 EMPLOY-VIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 SALARY (1)
END-DEFINE
*
RD. READ EMPLOY-VIEW BY NAME
DISPLAY EMPLOY-VIEW
IF SALARY (1) > 1500000
/*
GE. GET EMPLOY-VIEW *ISN (RD.)
/*
WRITE '=' (50) 'RECORD IN HOLD:' *ISN(RD.)
COMPUTE SALARY (1) = SALARY (1) * 1.15
UPDATE (GE.)
END TRANSACTION
END-IF
END-READ
END
During an active logical transaction, that is, before the
END TRANSACTION
statement is issued, you can cancel the transaction by using a
BACKOUT TRANSACTION
statement. The execution of this statement removes all updates that have been
applied (including all records that have been added or deleted) and releases
all records held by the transaction.
With the END
TRANSACTION statement, you can also store transaction-related
information. If processing of the transaction terminates abnormally, you can
read this information with a GET
TRANSACTION DATA statement to ascertain where to resume
processing when you restart the transaction.
The following program updates the EMPLOYEES and
VEHICLES files. After a restart operation, the user is informed of
the last EMPLOYEES record successfully processed. The user can
resume processing from that EMPLOYEES record. It would also be
possible to set up the restart transaction message to include the last
VEHICLES record successfully updated before the restart
operation.
** Example 'GETTRX01': GET TRANSACTION
*
** CAUTION: Executing this example will modify the database records!
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
01 PERSON VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
02 PERSONNEL-ID (A8)
02 NAME (A20)
02 FIRST-NAME (A20)
02 MIDDLE-I (A1)
02 CITY (A20)
01 AUTO VIEW OF VEHICLES
02 PERSONNEL-ID (A8)
02 MAKE (A20)
02 MODEL (A20)
*
01 ET-DATA
02 #APPL-ID (A8) INIT <' '>
02 #USER-ID (A8)
02 #PROGRAM (A8)
02 #DATE (A10)
02 #TIME (A8)
02 #PERSONNEL-NUMBER (A8)
END-DEFINE
*
GET TRANSACTION DATA #APPL-ID #USER-ID #PROGRAM
#DATE #TIME #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
*
IF #APPL-ID NOT = 'NORMAL' /* if last execution ended abnormally
AND #APPL-ID NOT = ' '
INPUT (AD=OIL)
// 20T '*** LAST SUCCESSFUL TRANSACTION ***' (I)
/ 20T '***********************************'
/// 25T 'APPLICATION:' #APPL-ID
/ 32T 'USER:' #USER-ID
/ 29T 'PROGRAM:' #PROGRAM
/ 24T 'COMPLETED ON:' #DATE 'AT' #TIME
/ 20T 'PERSONNEL NUMBER:' #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
END-IF
*
REPEAT
/*
INPUT (AD=MIL) // 20T 'ENTER PERSONNEL NUMBER:' #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
/*
IF #PERSONNEL-NUMBER = '99999999'
ESCAPE BOTTOM
END-IF
/*
FIND1. FIND PERSON WITH PERSONNEL-ID = #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
IF NO RECORDS FOUND
REINPUT 'SPECIFIED NUMBER DOES NOT EXIST; ENTER ANOTHER ONE.'
END-NOREC
FIND2. FIND AUTO WITH PERSONNEL-ID = #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
IF NO RECORDS FOUND
WRITE 'PERSON DOES NOT OWN ANY CARS'
ESCAPE BOTTOM
END-NOREC
IF *COUNTER (FIND2.) = 1 /* first pass through the loop
INPUT (AD=M)
/ 20T 'EMPLOYEES/AUTOMOBILE DETAILS' (I)
/ 20T '----------------------------'
/// 20T 'NUMBER:' PERSONNEL-ID (AD=O)
/ 22T 'NAME:' NAME ' ' FIRST-NAME ' ' MIDDLE-I
/ 22T 'CITY:' CITY
/ 22T 'MAKE:' MAKE
/ 21T 'MODEL:' MODEL
UPDATE (FIND1.) /* update the EMPLOYEES file
ELSE /* subsequent passes through the loop
INPUT NO ERASE (AD=M IP=OFF) //////// 28T MAKE / 28T MODEL
END-IF
/*
UPDATE (FIND2.) /* update the VEHICLES file
/*
MOVE *APPLIC-ID TO #APPL-ID
MOVE *INIT-USER TO #USER-ID
MOVE *PROGRAM TO #PROGRAM
MOVE *DAT4E TO #DATE
MOVE *TIME TO #TIME
/*
END TRANSACTION #APPL-ID #USER-ID #PROGRAM
#DATE #TIME #PERSONNEL-NUMBER
/*
END-FIND /* for VEHICLES (FIND2.)
END-FIND /* for EMPLOYEES (FIND1.)
END-REPEAT /* for REPEAT
*
STOP /* Simulate abnormal transaction end
END TRANSACTION 'NORMAL '
END
This section discusses the statements ACCEPT and
REJECT which are used to select records based on user-specified
logical criteria.
The following topics are covered:
The statements ACCEPT and
REJECT can be used in
conjunction with the database access statements:
** Example 'ACCEPX01': ACCEPT IF ************************************************************************ DEFINE DATA LOCAL 1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES 2 NAME 2 JOB-TITLE 2 CURR-CODE (1:1) 2 SALARY (1:1) END-DEFINE * READ (20) MYVIEW BY NAME WHERE CURR-CODE (1) = 'USD' ACCEPT IF SALARY (1) >= 40000 DISPLAY NAME JOB-TITLE SALARY (1) END-READ END
Output of Program ACCEPX01:
Page 1 04-11-11 11:11:11
NAME CURRENT ANNUAL
POSITION SALARY
-------------------- ------------------------- ----------
ADKINSON DBA 46700
ADKINSON MANAGER 47000
ADKINSON MANAGER 47000
AFANASSIEV DBA 42800
ALEXANDER DIRECTOR 48000
ANDERSON MANAGER 50000
ATHERTON ANALYST 43000
ATHERTON MANAGER 40000
The statements ACCEPT and
REJECT allow you to
specify logical conditions in addition to those that were specified in
WITH and
WHERE clauses
of the READ
statement.
The logical condition criteria in the IF clause of an
ACCEPT /
REJECT statement are
evaluated after the record has been selected and read.
Logical condition operators include the following (see Logical Condition Criteria for more detailed information):
EQUAL |
EQ |
:= |
NOT EQUAL TO |
NE |
¬= |
LESS THAN |
LT |
< |
LESS EQUAL |
LE |
<= |
GREATER THAN |
GT |
> |
GREATER EQUAL |
GE |
>= |
Logical condition criteria in ACCEPT /
REJECT statements may
also be connected with the Boolean operators AND, OR,
and NOT. Moreover, parentheses may be used to indicate logical
grouping; see the following examples.
The following program illustrates the use of the Boolean operator
AND in an ACCEPT statement.
** Example 'ACCEPX02': ACCEPT IF ... AND ...
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 JOB-TITLE
2 CURR-CODE (1:1)
2 SALARY (1:1)
END-DEFINE
*
READ (20) MYVIEW BY NAME WHERE CURR-CODE (1) = 'USD'
ACCEPT IF SALARY (1) >= 40000
AND SALARY (1) <= 45000
DISPLAY NAME JOB-TITLE SALARY (1)
END-READ
END
Output of Program ACCEPX02:
Page 1 04-12-14 12:22:01
NAME CURRENT ANNUAL
POSITION SALARY
-------------------- ------------------------- ----------
AFANASSIEV DBA 42800
ATHERTON ANALYST 43000
ATHERTON MANAGER 40000
The following program, which uses the Boolean operator OR
in a REJECT statement,
produces the same output as the ACCEPT statement in the example
above, as the logical operators are reversed.
** Example 'ACCEPX03': REJECT IF ... OR ...
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 NAME
2 JOB-TITLE
2 CURR-CODE (1:1)
2 SALARY (1:1)
END-DEFINE
*
READ (20) MYVIEW BY NAME WHERE CURR-CODE (1) = 'USD'
REJECT IF SALARY (1) < 40000
OR SALARY (1) > 45000
DISPLAY NAME JOB-TITLE SALARY (1)
END-READ
END
Output of Program ACCEPX03:
Page 1 04-12-14 12:26:27
NAME CURRENT ANNUAL
POSITION SALARY
-------------------- ------------------------- ----------
AFANASSIEV DBA 42800
ATHERTON ANALYST 43000
ATHERTON MANAGER 40000
See the following example programs:
This section discusses the use of the statements AT START OF
DATA and AT END OF DATA.
The following topics are covered:
The AT START OF
DATA statement is used to specify any processing that is to
be performed after the first of a set of records has been read in a database
processing loop.
The AT START OF DATA statement must be placed within the
processing loop.
If the AT START OF DATA processing produces any output,
this will be output before the first field value. By default, this
output is displayed left-justified on the page.
The AT END OF
DATA statement is used to specify processing that is to be
performed after all records for a database processing loop have been
processed.
The AT END OF DATA statement must be placed within the
processing loop.
If the AT END OF DATA processing produces any output, this
will be output after the last field value. By default, this output is
displayed left-justified on the page.
The following example program illustrates the use of the statements
AT START OF DATA and AT END OF DATA.
The Natural system variable
*TIME
has been incorporated into the AT START OF DATA statement to
display the time of day.
The Natural system function OLD has been incorporated
into the AT END OF DATA statement to display the name of the last
person selected.
** Example 'ATSTAX01': AT START OF DATA
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL
1 MYVIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES
2 CITY
2 NAME
2 JOB-TITLE
2 INCOME (1:1)
3 CURR-CODE
3 SALARY
3 BONUS (1:1)
END-DEFINE
*
WRITE TITLE 'XYZ EMPLOYEE ANNUAL SALARY AND BONUS REPORT' /
READ (3) MYVIEW BY CITY STARTING FROM 'E'
DISPLAY GIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
NAME (AL=15) JOB-TITLE (AL=15) INCOME (1)
/*
AT START OF DATA
WRITE 'RUN TIME:' *TIME /
END-START
AT END OF DATA
WRITE / 'LAST PERSON SELECTED:' OLD (NAME) /
END-ENDDATA
END-READ
*
AT END OF PAGE
WRITE / 'AVERAGE SALARY:' AVER (SALARY(1))
END-ENDPAGE
END
The program produces the following output:
XYZ EMPLOYEE ANNUAL SALARY AND BONUS REPORT
NAME CURRENT INCOME
POSITION
CURRENCY ANNUAL BONUS
CODE SALARY
--------------- --------------- -------- ---------- ----------
RUN TIME: 12:43:19.1
DUYVERMAN PROGRAMMER USD 34000 0
PRATT SALES PERSON USD 38000 9000
MARKUSH TRAINEE USD 22000 0
LAST PERSON SELECTED: MARKUSH
AVERAGE SALARY: 31333
See the following example programs:
Natural enables users to access wide-character fields (format W) in an Adabas database.
The following topics are covered:
Adabas wide-character fields (W) are mapped to Natural format U (Unicode).
The length definition for a Natural field of format U corresponds to
half the size of the Adabas field of format W. An Adabas wide-character field
of length 200 is, for example, mapped to (U100) in
Natural.
Natural receives data from Adabas and sends data to Adabas using UTF-16 as common encoding.
This encoding is specified with the OPRB parameter and
sent to Adabas with the open request. It is used for wide-character fields and
applies to the entire Adabas user session.
Wide-character fields (W) of variable length are not supported.
Collating descriptors are not supported.
For further information on Adabas and Unicode support refer to the specific Adabas product documentation.