AT BREAK

Structured Mode Syntax

[AT] BREAK [(r)] [OF] operand1 [/n/]
   statement ../graphics/dot3.gif
END-BREAK

Reporting Mode Syntax

[AT] BREAK [(r)] [OF] operand1 [/n/]

statement

DO statement ../graphics/dot3.gif DOEND

This document covers the following topics:

For an explanation of the symbols used in the syntax diagram, see Syntax Symbols.

Related Statements: ACCEPT/REJECT | AT START OF DATA | AT END OF DATA | BACKOUT TRANSACTION | BEFORE BREAK PROCESSING | DELETE | END TRANSACTION | FIND | GET | GET SAME | GET TRANSACTION DATA | HISTOGRAM | LIMIT | PASSW | PERFORM BREAK PROCESSING | READ | RETRY | STORE | UPDATE

Belongs to Function Group: Database Access and Update


Function

The AT BREAK statement is used to cause the execution of one or more statements whenever a change in value of a control field occurs. It is used in conjunction with automatic break processing and is available with the following statements: FIND, READ, HISTOGRAM, SORT, READ WORK FILE.

The automatic break processing works as follows: Immediately after a record was read by the processing loop, the control field is checked. If a value change is detected in comparison to the previous record, the statements included in the AT BREAK statement block are executed. This does not apply to the very first record in the processing loop. In addition, when the processing loop is terminated (as reading of records is complete or due to an ESCAPE BOTTOM statement), a final execution of the statements in the AT BREAK statement block is triggered.

For further information, see Automatic Break Processing in the Programming Guide.

An AT BREAK statement block is only executed if the object which contains the statement is active at the time when the break condition occurs.

It is possible to initiate a new processing loop within an AT BREAK condition. This loop must also be closed within the same AT BREAK condition.

This statement is non-procedural (that is, its execution depends on an event, not on where in a program it is located).

Natural system functions may be used in conjunction with an AT BREAK statement, see Natural System Functions for Use in Processing Loops in the System Functions documentation and Example of System Functions with AT BREAK Statement in the Programming Guide.

For further information, see also the section AT BREAK Statement in the Programming Guide. It covers topics such as:

Syntax Description

Operand Definition Table:

Operand Possible Structure Possible Formats Referencing Permitted Dynamic Definition
operand1   S       A U N P I F B D T L       yes no

Syntax Element Description:

Syntax Element Description
(r)
Reference Notation:
By default, the final AT BREAK condition (for loop termination) is always related to the outermost active processing loop initiated with a FIND, READ, READ WORK FILE, HISTOGRAM or SORT statement.

With the notation (r) you can relate the final break condition of an AT BREAK statement to another specific currently open processing loop (that is, the loop in which the AT BREAK statement is located or any outer loop).

Example:
...
READ ...
  FIND ...
    FIND ...
      AT BREAK ...    
        FIND ...
        END-FIND
      END-BREAK
    END-FIND
  END-FIND
END-READ
...
In this example, the final AT BREAK condition is related to the READ loop initiated in line 0120. It would be possible to have it related to one of the FIND loops initiated in line 0130 and 0140, but not to the one initiated in line 0160.

If (r) is specified for a break hierarchy, it must be specified with the first AT BREAK statement and applies also to all AT BREAK statements which follow.

operand1
Control Field:
The field used as the break control field is usually a database field. If a user-defined variable is used, it must be initialized prior to the evaluation of automatic break processing (see BEFORE BREAK PROCESSING statement). A specific occurrence of an array can also be used as a control field.
/n/
Notation /n/:
The notation /n/ may be used to indicate that only the first n positions (counting from left to right) of the control field are to be checked for a change in value. This notation can only be used with operands of format A, B, N or P.

A control break occurs when the value of the control field changes, or when all records in the processing loop for which the AT BREAK statement applies have been processed.

statement ...
Statement(s) to be Executed at Break Condition:

In structured mode, you must supply one or several suitable statements, depending on the situation. For an example of a statement, see Examples below.

END-BREAK
End of AT BREAK Statement:

In structured mode, the Natural reserved word END-BREAK must be used to end the AT BREAK statement.

In reporting mode, use the DO ... DOEND statements to supply one or several suitable statements, depending on the situation, and to end the AT BREAK statement. If you specify only a single statement, you can omit the DO ... DOEND statements. With respect to good coding practice, this is not recommended.

statement
DO statement ... DOEND

Multiple Break Levels

Multiple AT BREAK statements may be specified within a processing loop within the same program module. If multiple BREAK statements are specified for the same processing loop, they form a hierarchy of break levels independent of whether they are specified consecutively or interspersed within other statements. The first AT BREAK statement represents the lowest control break level, and each additional AT BREAK statement represents the next higher control break level.

Every processing loop in a loop hierarchy may have its own break hierarchy attached.

Example:

Structured Mode: Reporting Mode:
   FIND ...
      AT BREAK
      ...
      END-BREAK
      AT BREAK
      ...
      END-BREAK       
      AT BREAK
      ...
      END-BREAK
   END-FIND
   ...

   FIND ...
      AT BREAK
         DO
         ...
         DOEND
      AT BREAK        
         DO
         ...
         DOEND
   ...

A change in the value of a control field in a break level causes break processing to be activated for that break level and all lower break levels, regardless of the values of the control fields for the lower break levels.

For easier program maintenance, it is recommended to specify multiple breaks consecutively.

See also Example 3 below and the section Multiple Control Break Levels in the Programming Guide.

Examples

This section covers the following topics:

For further examples of AT BREAK, see Natural System Functions for Use in Processing Loops, Examples ATBEX3 and ATBEX4.

Example 1 - AT BREAK

** Example 'ATBEX1S': AT BREAK (structured mode)                        
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL                                                       
1 EMPLOY-VIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES                                         
  2 CITY                                                                
  2 COUNTRY                                                             
  2 NAME                                                                
END-DEFINE                                                              
*                                                                       
LIMIT 10                                                                
READ EMPLOY-VIEW BY CITY                                         
AT BREAK OF CITY                                                      
    SKIP 1                                                              
  END-BREAK
  DISPLAY NOTITLE CITY (IS=ON) COUNTRY (IS=ON) NAME                     
END-READ                                                                
*                                                                       
END                                                                    

Output of Program ATBEX1S:

        CITY         COUNTRY         NAME        
-------------------- ------- --------------------
                                                 
AIKEN                USA     SENKO               
                                                 
AIX EN OTHE          F       GODEFROY            
                                                 
AJACCIO                      CANALE              
                                                 
ALBERTSLUND          DK      PLOUG               
                                                 
ALBUQUERQUE          USA     HAMMOND             
                             ROLLING             
                             FREEMAN             
                             LINCOLN             
                                                 
ALFRETON             UK      GOLDBERG            
                                                 
ALICANTE             E       GOMEZ              

Equivalent reporting-mode example: ATBEX1R.

Example 2 - AT BREAK Using /n/ Notation

** Example 'ATBEX2': AT BREAK (with /n/ notation)                       
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL                                                       
1 EMPLOY-VIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES                                         
  2 DEPT                                                                
  2 NAME                                                                
END-DEFINE                                                              
*                                                                       
LIMIT 10                                                                
READ EMPLOY-VIEW BY DEPT STARTING FROM 'A'                              
AT BREAK OF DEPT /4/                                                  
    SKIP 1                                                              
  END-BREAK
  DISPLAY NOTITLE DEPT NAME                                             
END-READ                                                                
*                                                                       
END                                                                    

Output of Program ATBEX2:

DEPARTMENT         NAME        
   CODE                        
---------- --------------------
                               
ADMA01     JENSEN              
ADMA01     PETERSEN            
ADMA01     MORTENSEN           
ADMA01     MADSEN              
ADMA01     BUHL                
ADMA02     HERMANSEN           
ADMA02     PLOUG               
ADMA02     HANSEN              
                               
COMP01     HEURTEBISE          
COMP01     TANCHOU            

Example 3 - AT BREAK with Multiple Break Levels

** Example 'ATBEX5S': AT BREAK (multiple break levels) (structured mode)
************************************************************************
DEFINE DATA LOCAL                                                       
1 EMPLOY-VIEW VIEW OF EMPLOYEES                                         
  2 CITY                                                                
  2 DEPT                                                                
  2 NAME                                                                
  2 LEAVE-DUE                                                           
1 #LEAVE-DUE-L (N4)                                                     
END-DEFINE                                                              
*                                                                       
LIMIT 5                                                                 
FIND EMPLOY-VIEW WITH CITY = 'PHILADELPHIA' OR = 'PITTSBURGH'           
                 SORTED BY CITY DEPT                                    
  MOVE LEAVE-DUE TO #LEAVE-DUE-L                                        
  DISPLAY CITY (IS=ON) DEPT (IS=ON) NAME #LEAVE-DUE-L                   
  /*                                                                    
 AT BREAK OF DEPT                                                      
    WRITE NOTITLE /                                                     
          T*DEPT OLD(DEPT) T*#LEAVE-DUE-L SUM(#LEAVE-DUE-L) / 
  END-BREAK                                                   
  AT BREAK OF CITY                                            
    WRITE NOTITLE                                             
          T*CITY OLD(CITY) T*#LEAVE-DUE-L SUM(#LEAVE-DUE-L) //
  END-BREAK
END-FIND                                                      
*                                                             
END

Output of Program ATBEX5:

        CITY         DEPARTMENT         NAME         #LEAVE-DUE-L
                        CODE                                     
-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ------------
                                                                 
PHILADELPHIA         MGMT30     WOLF-TERROINE           11       
                                MACKARNESS              27       
                                                                 
                     MGMT30                             38       
                                                                 
                     TECH10     BUSH                    39       
                                NETTLEFOLDS             24       
                                                                 
                     TECH10                             63       
                                                                 
PHILADELPHIA                                           101       
                                                                 
                                                                 
PITTSBURGH           MGMT10     FLETCHER                34       
                                                                 
                     MGMT10                             34       
                                                                 
PITTSBURGH                                              34      

Equivalent reporting-mode example: ATBEX5R.