This document covers the following topics:
A traditional code page is a list of selected character codes, arranged in a certain order, that support specific languages or groups of languages that share common scripts. A code page can contain a maximum of 256 character codes. For character sets which contain more than 256 characters (for example, Chinese or Japanese), double-byte code unit handling (DBCS) is used: DBCS code pages are actually multi-byte encodings, a mix of 1-byte and 2-byte code points.
Code pages have the inherent disadvantage of not being able to be used to store different languages in the same data stream. Unicode was designed to remove this restriction by providing a standard encoding for all character sets which is independent of the platform, program, or language used to access the data. With Unicode, a unique number is provided for every character.
A single number is assigned to each code element defined by the Unicode Standard. Each of these numbers is called a "code point" and, when referred to in text, is listed in hexadecimal form following the prefix "U". For example, the code point "U+0041" is the hexadecimal number "0041" (equal to the decimal number "65"). It represents the character "A" in the Unicode Standard which is named "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A".
The Unicode Standard defines three encoding forms that allow the same data to be transmitted in a byte, word or double word oriented format. A "code unit" is the minimal bit combination that can represent a character in a specific encoding. The Unicode Standard uses 8-bit code units in the UTF-8 encoding form, 16-bit code units in the UTF-16 encoding form, and 32-bit code units in the UTF-32 encoding form. All three encoding forms encode the same common character repertoire and can be efficiently transformed into one another without loss of data.
In the context of Natural, we are concerned with two of these encoding forms: UTF-16 and UTF-8. Natural uses UTF-16 for the coding of Unicode strings at runtime and UTF-8 for the coding of Unicode data in files. UTF-16 is an endian-dependant 2-byte encoding; the endian format that will be used depends on the platform. UTF-8 is a 1-byte encoding.
For a complete description of Unicode, see the Unicode consortium web site at http://www.unicode.org/.
Note:
For obtaining information on Unicode code points, you can use the
SYSCP
utility which is available with Natural for Windows.
In previous versions, Natural supported only code page characters. Starting with Natural versions 4.2 (mainframe), 6.2 (Windows and UNIX) and 6.3 (OpenVMS) Unicode is supported.
For Unicode support, the Natural data format U has been introduced and there are specific statements, parameters, system variables, etc. For details, see the remainder of this documentation.
Currently, most existing data is available in code page format. When converting this data to Unicode, it is required that the correct code page is used. Natural provides the possibility to define the correct code page on several levels:
The system code page is used if a default code page is not defined in Natural.
If no code page is defined on a mainframe
(CP=OFF), a default code page is not defined.
CP=AUTO is intended to adjust the Natural session to the
code page of the current I/O device.
The default code page is used when the Natural parameter
CP is
defined; this overwrites the operating system's code page.
The object code page which is defined, for example, for a source overwrites the default code page for this object.
When using Unicode strings and code page strings in one application,
Natural does implicit conversions where necessary (for example, when moving or
comparing data). Explicit conversions can be performed with the statement
MOVE
ENCODED.
In most cases, existing applications which do not require Unicode support, will run unchanged. On Windows, UNIX and OpenVMS platforms, changes can be necessary if the existing sources are encoded in different code pages. For more information, see Migrating Existing Applications later in this documentation.
It is not possible to run an existing application and also support
Unicode data without any changes to the application. The Natural data format U
has to be introduced in the application and it will most probably not suffice
to simply replace the A format definitions with U format definitions. All code
which assumes a specific memory layout of strings (for example,
REDEFINE from
alphanumeric to numeric format) has to be adapted.
Unicode characters are not permitted within variable names, object names and library names.
Unicode-based data are supported for Adabas and DB2.
Natural uses the International Components for Unicode (ICU) library for Unicode collation and conversion. For more information, see http://icu.sourceforge.net/userguide/. See also ICU Library later in this documentation.
Information on the currently used ICU version and Unicode specification
is provided in the main menu of the SYSCP utility. See
Invoking and
Terminating SYSCP in the Utilities
documentation of the Natural for Mainframes documentation.
