This document contains guidelines for setting up Natural in a CICS environment.
It covers the following topics:
The following environment-specific considerations should be noted:
When running Natural in a CICSplex environment (z/OS only), you must use the Natural Roll Server.
When running Natural locally in a single CICS region, however, you have several possibilities.
One possibility (z/OS only) is to use the Natural Roll Server. The benefit of this versus using CICS roll facilities and a swap pool is that the Natural Roll Server runs asynchronously to the CICS region and can provide more roll buffers in its data space than the swap pool.
This section covers the following sections:
You are strongly recommended to define both roll facilities, VSAM and auxiliary temporary storage, with the largest possible control interval size of 32 KB. This minimizes the number of I/Os and the CPU overhead necessary to perform the rolling.
Reasons for a control interval size of less than 32 KB might be the better exploitation of disk tracks or the usage of virtual storage for the VSAM buffers.
With the same CISIZE/record size, temporary storage causes less CPU overhead than VSAM roll files:
To write n records to temporary storage you
have to issue n +1 CICS requests (that is, 1 for
DELETQ and n for
PUTQ) while you have to issue 2
n requests for VSAM roll files because of the VSAM
transaction logic: n times (READ for
UPDATE plus REWRITE).
For VSAM update requests, a physical I/O is always performed, whereas
for temporary storage (AUX) records, buffering takes place, so
that in many cases, records to be read are still found in the buffers.
However, CICS temporary storage may become a bottleneck when it is also being used by other applications.
VSAM roll files for Natural can overcome this situation (although at the expense of additional VSAM buffer space) especially when I/O contention can be avoided. VSAM roll files with optimum/maximum CISIZE/record size are particularly efficient when this record size cannot be specified for the CICS temporary storage file due to other requirements.
CICS temporary storage should be used whenever it can be dedicated to Natural. If CICS temporary storage is also used by other applications, you should evaluate whether the Natural performance is better when using VSAM roll files.
If Natural with CICS temporary storage does not perform worse, you should choose CICS temporary storage as roll facility and use the "saved" VSAM roll file buffer space for more TS buffers or for an additional thread.
The primary roll facility is VSAM RRDS; the default type of temporary
storage is AUXILIARY.
If you are using VSAM roll files, the Natural CICS interface uses
temporary storage (AUX) if all roll files become full or unusable
during a CICS session.
However, if you do not wish to use roll files or if the roll files are
incorrectly installed, Natural under CICS uses temporary storage
(AUX) for all rolling. When temporary storage (AUX) is used as
roll file, the control interval size for this file must be at least 4 KB. If
auxiliary temporary storage is not available, main temporary storage is used
instead.
The number of VSAM buffers defined by the CICS SIT parameter
TS should be increased to a reasonable value to reduce
the number of physical I/Os. The CICS statistics should be checked for
bottlenecks in this area.
With CICS main temporary storage as roll facility, no I/O is performed on rolling, but due to large main storage amounts used, tuning considerations may be required due to increased paging.
The VSAM roll files should be considered for normal CICS VSAM file
tuning, for example, BUFNO and
STRNO parameters in the FCT. The CICS shutdown
statistics should be checked for bottlenecks in this area.
As the roll files serve as a kind of page dataset for Natural, everything which slows down the Natural rolling should be avoided, as there is journaling and logging; dynamic transaction backout (DTB) and forward recovery for roll files is useless and only causes overhead.
For performance reasons the VSAM roll files should be defined in the same CICS system in which the Natural applications are running; MRO function shipping should not be invoked. CICS local shared resources (LSR) can be used if there are enough buffers available.
The definition of a separate LSR pool for Natural roll files is recommended, with the number of strings (STRNO) greater than the number of threads. The number of buffers should also be greater than the number of threads. A greater number of buffers increase the look-aside hit ratio.
You are strongly recommended to use a swap pool rather than a large
number of VSAM temporary storage (AUX) buffers or temporary
storage (MAIN).
The Natural swap manager handles the compressed session storage very efficiently and reduces CPU and I/O overhead. The size of the swap pool should be as large as possible. For example, a swap pool of 2.5 MB would be required to hold 50 sessions which fit into 50 KB slots.
From a performance point of view, it does not make any sense to use main temporary storage as a backup facility for the swap pool, since both of these facilities use CICS main storage. In general though, using the swap pool is more advantageous, because CICS services overhead is eliminated. Rather than overflowing to main temporary storage, it would be better to enlarge the swap pool and to use disk storage (that is, VSAM roll files or auxiliary storage) as its backup facility.
If virtual storage becomes a bottleneck, the number of roll facility buffers and possibly the number of threads should be minimized to the benefit of the swap pool.
When using the Natural swap pool cache, a roll buffer of the size of
the largest Natural thread is required for transferring Natural session data
between the swap pool and its (data space) cache. This roll buffer is taken
from the GETMAIN for the swap pool, that is, the
size of the storage actually available for the swap pool is the specified size
minus the size of the largest Natural thread.
Therefore a Natural swap pool cache is only allocated when both the size of the swap pool and the size of its cache are at least twice the size of the largest Natural thread.
This covers section the following sections
Shared storage threads are pre-allocated during Natural CICS system
initialization, which means that the storage covered by these threads is
dedicated to the Natural CICS system, regardless of whether there are active
sessions or not. On the other hand, GETMAINed
threads only exist while the CICS task is active.
With shared storage threads (TYPE=SHR), Natural under CICS always
uses what has been pre-allocated during the initialization of Natural;
therefore, the size of storage used by Natural threads is easily predictable.
For GETMAINed threads (TYPE=GETM),
however, the actual storage used depends on the number of Natural sessions that
are currently active.
Although Natural itself has no mechanism for setting the maximum
number of GETMAINed threads, this can be controlled
by grouping the Natural transaction codes into a TRANCLASS
(TCLASS prior to CICS Version 4.1). When a transaction code
belongs to such a class, the maximum number of parallel tasks can be regulated
by the MAXACTIVE parameter in the TRANCLASS
definition (or by using the CMXT parameter of the CICS
system initialization table (SIT) prior to CICS Version 4.1).
When a Natural session releases its shared storage thread, session data are kept in the thread in uncompressed format, unless another session needs to use this particular thread. If so, the new session is responsible for saving the old session's data.
Such an activity is called "deferred rolling". It enables you to eliminate rolling or swapping entirely, provided that the number of available threads is greater or equal to the number of concurrently active Natural sessions.
Conversely, sessions that use GETMAINed
threads always save their data prior to the FREEMAIN
operation at CICS task termination, which leads to a roll/swap overhead
regardless of the number of concurrently active Natural sessions.
In environments with high volumes of Natural transactions, there is practically no difference between saving session data via the "immediate" or the "deferred" rolling method.
In busy Natural environments with a high ratio of Natural sessions to program storage threads, there is more roll-in/roll-out overhead, since these threads are shared by several Natural sessions. A potential problem in this situation is thread contention caused by Natural tasks with long-running Adabas requests; that is, with many Adabas calls.
To prevent such tasks from "locking" a thread for too
long, they can be forced to release their thread by using Natural profile
parameter DBROLL
appropriately.
For GETMAINed threads, however, contention
between two or more Natural sessions never occurs, since a
TYPE=GETM thread belongs exclusively to the Natural session it was
allocated for.
TYPE=GETM threads can thus be considered
"single-use" resources that are never shared, whereas
TYPE=SHR threads can be considered "multi-use"
resources that may be shared.
The most important feature of CICS/TS in z/OS is transaction isolation, which means that a task's storage can be protected against other tasks.
To take advantage of this facility with Natural,
TYPE=GETM threads should be used, since these threads are subject
to transaction isolation, whereas "shared" TYPE=SHR
threads are not. Also additional CICS overhead occurs for TYPE=SHR
threads with CICS/TS.
While the thread selection algorithm for TYPE=GETM
threads is trivial (when a Natural task is started, a thread is allocated via
CICS GETMAIN), for TYPE=SHR threads, it
is more complicated: the Natural threads environment is managed by
NCISTART (queueing and balancing), whereas CICS does not know
anything about Natural threads. In contrast to TYPE=GETM threads,
where CICS would release the thread at the latest at the end of the task, with
TYPE=SHR threads, Natural has to assign/release them to/from their
sessions. In order to do so, Natural maintains a list of thread control blocks
(TCBs).
Although Natural always keeps an exit active to be able to release
session resources unknown to CICS (for example, TYPE=SHR threads)
in the case of abnormal task termination, situations may occur where a Natural
task terminates without its thread being marked as free in the associated TCB
(for example, if an EXEC CICS ABEND CANCEL request
has been issued in a non-Natural program called by Natural, or if Natural
sessions have been flushed by any KILL transactions
of a performance monitor).
To prevent problems with threads inadvertently left busy, Natural under CICS always checks in its thread selection algorithm whether the CICS task associated to a busy thread is still existing; if not, the thread is released.
With CICS versions prior to CICS/TS, this checking for active CICS tasks was done by control-block jumping, which means that Natural was checking for an active task by testing the consistency of the task's EISTG, TCA and TQE control blocks. With CICS/TS, because of transaction isolation, the storage of another task may not be accessible at all.
To accomplish this function in CICS/TS, NCISTART issues an
EXEC CICS INQUIRE STORAGE TASK() request for any
thread identified as busy in the thread selection routine. This means that
there may have been some CICS requests before the task is finally ENQueued for
thread resources. The same CICS command is also used for the serialization of
Natural sessions (for example, deferred rolling of TYPE=SHR
threads).
Both TYPE=SHR and TYPE=GETM threads have
their advantages and disadvantages. However, with CICS/TS,
TYPE=GETM threads are preferred, because of:
the support of transaction isolation (z/OS only),
more CICS-like tuning possibilities,
worse performance of TYPE=SHR threads.
CICS SIT parameters AMXT and
CMXT should be used to control the number of concurrent
Natural tasks.
The number specified should be greater than the number of threads. You
should also consider to specify a separate transaction class with a suitable
CMXT parameter for asynchronous Natural tasks and for
Natural Advanced Facilities spool tasks so as to prevent logouts of
"normal" Natural terminal tasks by too many of such
"background" tasks occupying threads. Special thread groups can be
defined for these transactions.
CICS dumps for Natural transactions should be suppressed, unless
requested from Software AG personnel for debugging purposes. Natural itself
generates dumps (via EXEC CICS DUMP) for non-program
check abends, and also for program checks if the Natural session parameter
DU is set to
ON. When no Natural dump is generated, a CICS dump is redundant
and just causes overhead (particularly when creating a system/region dump,
since the whole CICS system is halted until the snap dump is completed).
CICS trace is essential when analyzing problems, although it introduces system overhead. Also CICS performance monitoring tools and accounting packages cause system overhead of up to 30 percent and more. Some packages internally turn on the CICS trace and then intercept it. You should be aware of this potential system overhead. Also remember that the Natural CICS interface uses the CICS command level application programming interface: CICS command level requests produce much more trace entries (apart from other overhead) than CICS macro level requests.
Natural itself optimizes its data streams by means of RA (repeat to address) and other techniques as screen imaging etc. If other line compression systems are installed, the Natural transactions should be excluded from being processed by these systems, as this would introduce overhead without achieving any benefit.
When resuming a session, conversational Natural tasks are locked to their initial thread, which means that a conversational task has to wait for this thread if it is currently not available. Pseudo-conversational Natural tasks, however, are flexible to roll into any available thread.
In other words, the "classical" advantage of conversational tasks - less I/Os for saving/restoring data over screen I/O operations - does not apply for Natural because of its thread technique.
Since a Natural task in CICS waits for completion of an Adabas call, the servicing Adabas region/partition should always have higher priority than the CICS region/partition to minimize wait time.
CICS monitoring products may offer facilities to purge CICS tasks, bypassing any abnormal termination exit set by the application.
 |
Warning: Such facilities should not be used to cancel Natural tasks, as Natural may not be able to clean up its resources, and, even worse, the Natural CICS system may be left in an inconsistent state depending on what this task was doing. |
To cancel Natural sessions, the Cancel/Flush Session functions of the
Natural SYSTP
utility should be used instead; see the relevant section in the Natural
Utilities documentation for details.
